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" This Country of Ours 



99 



NATIONAL 

HAND 

BOOK 



Compiled by 
M. V. DOLAN 
Albany, N. Y. 



PRICE. 50 CENTS 



CdSb 



" This Country of Ours " 



NATIONAL 

HAND 

BOOK 



Compiled by 

MV'V. DOLAN 

Albany, N. Y. 



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PCI,A4451.')5 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 



PAGE 

American Battles 66 

American Wars 65 

Associate Judges of the United States Supreme Court. . . .48, 49 

Chief Judges of the United States Supreme Court 47 

Declaration of Independence 53 

Elections of President and Vice-President 36 

Electoral and Popular Vote 36 

Electoral Vote of States 44 

First Paper Money in America 65 

Lincoln's Gettysburg Speech 62 

jMaiden names of the wives of the Presidents of the United 

■States 19 

'Manner in which the President and Vice-President are 

chosen 23 

Members of the Presidents' Cabinets 25 

Miscellaneous matter pertaining to the Presidents of the 

United States 19 

Monroe Doctrine 52 

ISTames of parents of the Presidents of the United States. ... 18 
ISTames of Vice-Presidents of the United States, with places 

of birth, death and wlien elected 24 

National Flags 64 

Xumber of Soldiers engaged in American Wars 67 

Order and dates of admission of States into the Union 50 

Presidential succession 22 

Presidents of the United States, place of birth, death and 

terms of service 17 

3 



PAGE 

Presidents Pro tern, of tlie United States Senate 4(5 

Principal Battles of the Civil War C6 

Qualification to eligibility to become President of the United 

States 22 

Senators, Eepresentatives and Electoral Votes of States 44 

Speakers of the House of Representatives 47 

State Flow^ers 51 

States of the Union, with motto, nickname, area, population 

and capitals 7 

Territories and dates of organization 51 

Thirteen Original 'States and when they ratified the Con- 
stitution 4!) 

The Ping of our Country 63 

Washington's Parewell Address 58 



THIS COUNTRY OF OURS 



Introduction 



The purpose of this book is to present in concise and convenient 
form many interesting" facts worth knowing about this great 
country of ours, and about the many distinguished men who have 
contributed to its greatness. 

These are times A\hen every wide-awake American citizen feels 
patriotic, and is proud of the events which have phiced the United 
States among the foremost nations of the world. Any fact per- 
taining to our country's history is eagerly sought, and the study 
of national events is more interesting than ever before. 

The table of contents wdll show the scope of the collection, and 
it is believed that a study of them will develop- a healthy spirit 
of patriotism among our people. It is also thought that the hand- 
book will be of especial interest to teachers in our public schools, 
who aim to create in our boys and girls a desire to cultivate the 
truest and best ideals of good citizenship. 

Reader, off hand, can you name the last five vice-presidents of 
the United States ? This book will help you. 



HISTORICAL DATA 



The following is a list of tlie States of the Union, with motto, 
nicknames, area, capital and population. (The population is 
based on the estimate of the United States Bureau for 1914.) 

Alabama 

Nicknamed the '* Land of Flowers." The people at times have 
been called " Lizards," the streams of the State abounding with 
them. Its motto: "Here We Rest." Area, 52,250 square 
miles; population. 2.260,945. Capital, Montgomery. 

Arizona 

Is an Indian word meaning '' iSand Hills " or " Blessed Sun." 
Motto: •' Sitat Deus " (Founded by God). Among the Zuni 
Indians tradition tells us Arizona was a " M.aiden Goddess " who 
became the mother of twins, and in time became the progenitor of 
the Zuni tribe. x\rea, 239,0:53 square miles; population, 113,956. 
Capital, Phoenix. 

Arkansas 

Its name is derived from the Indian words Kansas, " Smoky 
Water," the French prefix Arc, '' a bow." The Legislature of 
IS'Sl decreed the pronunciation to be Ar'Kan-Saw, and is nick- 
named the '' Bear State." The people are called '' Bears " and 
" Toothpicks," the latter from the universal weapon of the Arkan- 
san, the dirkknife, called the Arkansas toothpick. Its motto: 
"Eegnant Populi " (The People Eule). Area, 53,335 square 
miles; population, 1,68'6,480. 'Capital, Little Eock. 

California 
The name is derived from the Spanish " 'Caliente Fornalia " 
(Hot Furnace), in consequence of the torrid climate of the south- 
ern part. Nicknamed " The Golden State," in allusion to the 
gold mines. The people are called " Gold Hunters," which was 



what the forty-niners were dubbed. Motto : '' Eureka " (I Have 
Found It). Has a coast line of 700 miles. Average width 200 
miles; area, 158,297 square miles; population, 2,757,895. Capi- 
tal, Sacramento. 

Colorado 

From the Spanish word " Red," in consequence of the prevail- 
ing color of the soil and rocks in many localities. Nicknamed the 
'' Centennial State," because of the year in which it was admitted 
to the Union. The people are called " Centennials." Its motto : 
"ISlil (Sine ISTumine " (There is ISTothing Without Providence). 
Area, 10-3, 948 square miles; population, 90i9,537. Capital, 
Denver. 

Connecticut 

The name is taken from the Mohigan. It was spelled originally 
" Quon-eh-ta-cut," meaning '' a long river." It is nicknamed the 
"Nutmeg State." Area, 4,9 65^ square miles; population, 
1,20'2,6€8. Capital, Hartford. People called "Wooden Nut- 
megs." Motto: "Qui Transtutit Sustinet " (He Who Trans- 
planted Still Sustains). 

DELAWARE 

Name derived from " Lord De La Warr," one time Governor 
of Virginia. It is called the " Diamond iState " on account of its 
size. The people are called " Muskrats." Motto : " Liberty and 
Independence." Area, 2,370 square miles; population, 209,817. 
Oapital, Dover. 

Florida 

The name is taken from the " Pasque de Flores " (Feast of 
Flowers) — the day it was discovered. It is known as the " Gulf 
State " and " Peninsula State." The people are known as " Fly- 
up-the-Ci-eeks." Motto: " In God Wte> Trust." Area, 5'8,666 
square miles; population, 848,111. Capital, Tallahassee. 

Georgia 
Was named in honor of George II of England. Known some- 
times as the " Cracker State," but more often " The Empire State 
of the South." Inhabitants known as " Buzzards " and some- 
times " Crackers," the word being used to designate a " Poor 
White." Motto: "Wisdom, Justice and Moderation." Area, 
59,26t5 square miles; population, 2,776,513. Capital, Atlanta. 



Idaho 
Indian word meaning " Gein of the Mountains." Motto : 
"Salve" (Hail). Area, 83,888 square miles; population, 
395,40'7. Capital, Boise City. 

IlLIT\"OIS 

Xamed from Indian word " lllini " (Men). The suffix " ois " 
— tribe of men — nicknamed "' Sucker State." Inhabitants known 
as "Suckers." Motto: "National Union, State Sovereignty." 
Area, 5'6,6'&5' square miles; population, 5,986,781. Capital, 
Springfield. 

Indiana 

Kame " Indian " word. People nicknamed " Hoosiers." No 
motto. Area, 36,354 squares miles; population, 2,779,467. 
Capital, Indianapolis. 

Iowa 

The name is Indian, meaning " The Drowsy Ones." A Sioux 
name for the " Gray-Snow Tribe," nicloiamed the " Hawkey© 
State." People are called " Hawkeyes." Motto : " Our liberties 
we prize and our rights we will maintain." Area, 5'6,147 square 
miles; population, 2,221,775. 'Capital, Des Moines. 

Kansas 
The name Indian, meaning " Smoky 'Water." People called 
"' Jayhawkers." Motto: " Ad Astra per A'spera " (To the Stars 
Through Difficulties). Area, 82,158' square miles; population, 
1,784,897. Capital, Topeka. 

Kentucky 

Name Indian, meaning " Head of the River," is known as the 
" Com Cracker State," " Blue Grass State," and the " Dark and 
Bloody Ground." People known as " Ct)rn Cl-ackers," and " Red 
Horses." Motto : " United We Stand, Divided We Fall." Area, 
40,598 square miles; population, 2,350,731. Capital, Frankfort. 

Louisiana 
It tabes its name from Louis XW of France. It is called the 
" Creole State," also the " Pelican State." Its motto: " Union, 

9 



Justice and Confidenoe.'' x\rea, 48,506 square miles ; population, 
1,773,4182. Capital, Eaton Eouge. 

Maine 

Takes its name from the French province Maine, in honor of 
Queen Henrietta, Queen of Charles I. It has various nicknames, 
" The Pine Tree State," " The Pole Star State," and the " Lum- 
ber State." Its people are called '' Foxes." Motto: " Dirigo " 
(I Direct). Area, 33,040 isquara miles; population, 762,787. 
Capital, Augusta. 

Maryland 

King Charles I of Eingland named it " Marj's Land," in honor 
of Queen Henrietta (Maria, daughter of Henry Yl of France ; 
sometimes called " Old Line State." The people are called " Craw 
Thumpers." 'Motto: " Fatti Maschii Parole Femine " (Manly 
Deeds, Womanly Words). Area, 12,327 square miles; popula- 
tion, 1,341,075. Capital, Annapolis. 

Massachusetts 

An Indian word, ''The Country A'bout the Hills; " nicknamed 
"Old Colony," '•' The Old Bay State; " people, ''Bean Eaters." 
Motto: "Ense Petit Placidim Sub Libertate Quietum " (With 
the Sword She Seeks Quiet Peace Lender Liberty). Area, 8,266 
square miles; population, 3, 605, 5^22. Capital, B^oston. 

Michigan 

K'ame derived from the lake. Indian title " Fish Weir or 
Trap," nickname " Lake State ; " also '' Wolverine State." 
Inhabitants, " Wolverines." Motto : " Si Quoeris Peninsulam 
Aucenam Circumspice " (If Thou Seekest a Beautiful Peninsula, 
Behold it Here). Area, 57,980 square miles; population, 
2,976,030. Capital, Lansing. 

Minnesota 
Indian word meaning '' AYliitish or Sky Colored Water." 
I^icknamod - The Xorth Star State," " The ^Gopher State," and 
"The Lake State." People called "Gophers." Motto: 
"L'Etoile du Nord" (The Star of the '^^orth). Area, 84,G82 
square m'iles; population, 2,213,919. Caipital, St. Paul. 

10 



Mississippi 
Its name is derived from the ISTatcihez word from the great river 
called " The Father of Waters,"' which forms its western frontier. 
It is nicknamed '^ Bajon State," from the French word 
" Bajoii; " the people are called ''Tadpoles " and '" Mud Cats." 
It has no motto. Area, 46,865 square miles ; population, 
1,901,882. 'Capital, Jackson. 

Missouri 

Name Indian, " Muddy Water." It is called the '" Iron State," 
from the Iron Mountain in the southern part. In 1827 a great 
rush of the settlers to the Galina lead mines in Illinois where it 
was inelegantly said that " Missouri had taken a puke." From 
this iti has sometimes been called the " Puke State," and the 
people '' Pukes." Motto : " Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto " 
(The Welfare of the People is the Highest Law). Area, 69,420. 
square miles; population, 3,372,886. C'apital, Jefferson City. 

Montana 

The name is taken from the Spanish, meaning " Mountain." 
Motto : " Oroy Plata " (Gold and Silver). Area, 146,997 square 
miles; population, 432,614. 'Capital, Helena. 

Nebraska 

The word Nebraska is from the Indian '' ne," water, and 
" bras," shallow water. Mcknamed the " Blackwater State." 
People are called "Bug Eaters," after a bird, the night jar 
(Caprimulgus), which feeds on noxious insects. Motto: 
"Equality Before the Law." Area, 77,52'0i square miles; popu- 
lation, 1,245,873. Capital, Lincoln. 

Nevada 

The word is Spanish, meaning '' Snow 'Covered,'' in allusion to 
the snowy summits of the 'Sierras. It is known as the " Sliver 
State;" alsoi the "Sage Brush State." The people are called 
" Sage Hens." Motto: "All For Our 'Country." Area, 110,690 
square miles; population, 98,726 (exclusive of Indians). Capital, 
'Carson City. 

11 



Xew Hampshire 

Called after Hampshire, England.. Nicknamed " The Granite 
State;" al&o the "Switzerland of America." The people are 
called " Granite Boys," and " White 'Mountain Boys." Area, 
9,341 square miles; population, ■i3S,G6'2. Capital, Concord. 

ISTew Mexico 

It was formally part of '' Old Mexico," hence the New. The 
word Mexico is from the Mexican God " Mexitli." Motto: 
"Ci-escit Eundo" (It Increases hj 'Going). Area, 122,634 
square miles; population, 3S3,5ol. Capital, Santa Ee. 

New Jeksey 
The name is taken from the island Jersey in the English 
channel. It has seyeral nicknames, "The Garden State, "True 
Blues," and the " 'Skeeter 'State." Area, 8,224 square miles; 
population, 2,815,663. Capital, Trenton. 

New Yoek 

Named after the Duke of York, brother of Charles II of Eng- 
land, who afterwards was King James II. It is called the 
"Empire State." Motto: "Excelsior" (Higher). Area, 
49,204 square miles; population, 9,899,761. Capital, Albany. 

North 'Carolij^a ' 

Named in honor of Charles I of Eingland. It is known as the 
"' Old North State ; " also "' The Turpentine State." The people 
are called " Tuckoes " a corruption of " Tuckahoe Indians " for 
" Tauquah," meaning '* bread," a yegetable known as " Indian 
Bread." During the Ciyil War the people were called " Tar 
Heelers." The State has no motto: Area, 52,426 square miles; 
population, 2,339,452. Capital, Ealeigh. 

North Dakota 
Dakota is a Sioux word, meaning " Many Headed " or " Many 
in One Goyernment," referring to the seyeral tribes under one 
chief. Motto : " Liberty and Union, Now and Eoreyer, One and 
Inseparable." Area, 70,837 square miles; population, 686,966. 
Capital, Bismarck. 

12 



Ohio 

Ohio is a Shawnee (Indian) word, meaning " Beautiful Eiver." 
Xicknamed the " Buckeye State," in allusion to the Buckeye trees 
(Aesculis Glabra), the nut of which resembles the eye of a buck. 
Motto: " Imperium in Imperio " (Al 'Government Within a 
Government). Area, 41,040' square miles; population, 5,026,S9S, 
Capital, C'olumbus. 

Oklahoma 

Was named by 'Colonel Boudinot, a Cherokee Indian, meaning 
"Home of the Red Man." Area, Y0,05Y square miles; popula- 
tion, 2,026,534. Capital, Oklahoma City. 

Oregon 
An Indian name, meaning •' River of the West." It is called 
"The Web Foot Coimtry." People called "Web Feet;" also 
" Hard Cases." Motto : "Alls A'olat Propriis " (Another Flies 
on His 0^\Ti Wings). Area, 96,699 square miles; population, 
783,239. Capital, Salem. 

PEiSriSrSYLVANIA 

Takes its name from William Penn, the word " Sylvania " 
means " Forests or Woodlands." 'JSTicknamed " The Keystone 
S^ate." The people are called " Pennanites ; " also " Leather- 
heads." Motto : " Virtue, Liberty and Independence." Area, 
45,126 square miles; population, 8,245,967. Capital, Harrisburg. 

Rhode Islaxd 
Conflicting opinion relative to what the title is derived from, 
compared it w^itli the isle of Rhodes in the Mediterranean, others 
say the Dutch called it " Rhoode " (red), the Indian name was 
"Aquidneck," nicknamed " Little Rhody." People were called 
"Gun Flints." Motto: "Hope." Area, 1,248 square miles; 
population, 591, 215. Capital, Providence. 

South Oarolina 
Known as " The Palmetto State." People are called 
"Weasels," and " Sandhillers." Motto: "Animis Opibusque 
Parati " (Prepared in Mind and Resources). Area, 30,989 
square miles; population, 1,590,015. Capital, Columbia. 

13 



South Dakota 
Motto: " Under God the People Rule." Area, 77,615 square 
miles; population, 6'61,583, embraced in seventy-eiglit counties. 
Capital, Pierre. 

Tennessee 

An Indian word, meaning '' Eiver of the Big- Bend,"' knowni as 
the '' Volunteer State" (in consequence of great number of re- 
cruits it furnished for the Seminole AYar). Inhabitants called 
'■Butternuts," and " AYhelps." Motto: ''Agriculture, Com- 
merce." Area, 42,022 square miles; population, 2,254,754. 
Capital, Xashville. 

Texas 

Taken from Tachies. an Indian tribe. The word signiifies 
" Friends." Called the " Lone Star State." Texas was a republic 
for ten years prior to its admission into the Union in 1'846. Area, 
26'5,896 square miles; population, 4,257,854. 'Capital, Austin. 

Utah 

Indian word, meaning " IXvellers in Mountains." The Mor- 
mons named it '' Dies-eret," meaning " Virtue and Industry." 
Area, 84,9i90i square miles; population, 414,518. Capital, Salt 
Lake City. 

Washington 

Called for the first Presidient of the United States. Area, 
69,127; population 1,407,865. Capital, Olympia. 

Vermont 

From the French words "Vert Monts " (Green Mountains). 
People called " Green Mountain Boys." Motto : " Freedom and 
Lenity." Area, 9,564 square miles; population, 361.205. Capital, 
Montpelier. 

Virginia 

Xamed for Queen Elizabeth, " Virgin Queen ; " called the 
" The Old Dominion," sometimes the '' Mother of States," and 
" Mother of Presidents." People called " Beadles." In colonial 
days the English beadles were court officers. Motto : " Sic 
Semper Tyrannis " (Ever so to Tyrants.) Area, 38,348 square 
miles; population, 2,150,009. Capital, Richmond. 

14 



West Virginia 

Like '^ew Hampishire is called " The Switzerland of America." 
People called "Panhandlers." Motto: " Montani Semper 
Llberi " (Mountaineers are Always Freemen). It was included 
in the State of Virginia, but during the Civil War, the people in 
the western part of Virginia did not favor secession and met in 
convention, and proposed to erect a State and call it " Kanawha." 
Finally a compromise was effected between those that favored, and 
those that opposed agreed to a separation providing the State be 
called West Virginia. Area, 24,17'0i square miles; population, 
1,332,9'10. Capital, Charleston. 'The State is very irregular and 
borders on lOhio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and 
Kentucky. 

Wyoming 

E"ame, Indian, meaning ''Great Plain." Motto: " Cedant 
Arma Togae " (Let Arms Yield to the Gowri). Area, 97,914 
square miles; population, 168, 736. Capital, Cheyenne. 

Wisconsin 

Indian word, meaning " Wild or Rushing Channel." Xick- 
named " The Badger State." The people, " Badgers." Motto : 
"Forward." Area, 56,096' square miles; population, 2,467.710. 
Capital, Madison. 

Alaska 

Was known as Russian America. Area, 5i90,884 square miles. 
It was acquired by the United States in 1867 at a cost of 
$7,200,000. Population, 64,680, of which about 2,500' are whites, 
rest Indians of various tribes and Eisquimeaux. Capital, Juneau. 

DiSTEiCT OF Columbia 

The legislative territory of the United States, the seat of the 
Federal Government. The land was ceded to the Government by 
the States of Virginia and Maryland, in all about seventy square 
miles in area ; the part on the right bank of the Potomac was 
returned to Virginia ; the Federal Government defrays one-half 
the expense of the district, the balance being raised by taxation on 
real estate. Population, 353,378. 

15 



Hawaii 

Was acquired by the United Statesi in July 1, 1898. Area, 
6,449 square miles; population about 207,74:3, the Japanese pre- 
dominating, less than 40,000 are Hawaiians, the Portuguese num- 
ber about 23,000 and 20,000 Chinese. Organized June 14, 1900. 

Philippine Islands 

Situate in the Malay Archipelago, in number about 2,000, the 
largest, Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, ISTegros, Cebu, Samar and Min- 
doro. Population, 8,650,937. The Visayans, Tagalogs, Ilocanos, 
numbering, respectively, about 3,25.0,000, 1,500,000, 800,000. 
Area, 115,026' square miles. The capital is Manila. 



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17 



Names of the Parents of the Presidents 



Father 

1. Augustine Washington. 

2. John Adams. 

3. Peter Jefferson. 

4. James Madison. 

5. Spence Monroe. 

6. John Adams. 

7. Andrew Jackson. 

8. Abraham Van Bur en. 

9. Benjamin Harrison. 

10. John Tyler. 

11. Samuel Polk. 

12. Bichard Taylor. 

13. Xathaniel Fillmore. 

14. Benjamin Pierce. 

15. James Buchanan. 

16. Thomas Lincoln. 

17. Jacob Johnson. 

18. Jesse Root Grant. 

19. Rutherford Hayes. 

20. Abram Garfield. 

21. William Arthur. 

22. Richard Falley Cleveland. 

23. John Scott Harrison. 

25. William ^McKinley. 

26. Theodore Roosevelt. 

27. Alphonso Taft. 

28. Joseph R. Wilson. 



Mother 

Mary Bell. 
Susanne Boylston. 
Jane Randolph. 
Nelly Conway. 
Eliza Jones. 
Abigail Smith. 
Elizabeth Hutchinson. 
Maria Hoes. 
Elizabeth Bassett. 
Mary Armestead. 
Jane Knox. 
Sarah Strother. 
Phebe Millard. 
Anna Kendrick. 
Elizabeth Speer. 
Xancy Hanks. 
Mary McDonough. 
Harriet 'Simpson. 
Sophia Birchard. 
Eliza Ballon, 
^falvina Stone. 
Anna Xeal. 
Elizabeth F. Irwin, 
Xancy C. Allison. 
Martha Bullock. 
Bouise ^I. Torrey, 
Jessie Woodrow. 



Maiden Names of the Wives of the Presidents of the 

United States 



1. 
2. 
3. 

4. 
5. 
6. 

7. 
8. 
9. 

10. 

11. 
12. 

13. 

14. 



Martha Dandridge. 
Abigail Smith. 
Martha Wayles. 
Dolly Payne. 
Eliza Kortwright. 
Louisa Catherine Johnson. 
Rachel Donelson. 
Hannah Hoes. 
Anna Symmes. 
Letitia Christian. 
Julia Gardiner. 
Sarah Childress. 
Margaret Smith. 
Abigail Powers. 
Caroline Carniicliael. 
Jane Means Appleton. 



IG. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 

23. 
25. 
26. 

27. 
28. 



Mary Todd. 

Eliza McCardle. 

Julia Dent. 

I^ucy Ware Webb. 

Lucretia Rudolph. 

Ellen Lewis Herndon. 

Frances Folsom. 
( Caroline Jjavinia Scott, 
cMary Scott Lord. 

Ida Saxton. 
( Alice Lee. !i 

I Edith Kermit Carow. 

Helen Herron. 
f Helen Louise Axsen. 
j Edith Gait. 



Washington's wife was widow Custis. 

Jefferson's wife was widow Skelton. 

Madison's wife was widow Todd. 

Eilmore's second wife was widow Mcintosh. 

Harrison's second wife was widow Dimmick. 

Wilson's second wife was widow Gait. 

Jackson's wife was a divorcee, her first husband was Captain 
Robards. 

James Buchanan was a bachelor. 

All the Presidents except James Buchanan and Grover Cleve- 
land were or had been married when they were inaugurated. 

Washington and Madison married widows. 

Jefferson, Jackson and Arthur were widowers. 

Eilmore and Benjamin Harrison each married a second wife 
after thev retired from the Presidency. 



19 



The several Presidents were fathers of 105 children — sixty 
sons and forty-five daughters. 

C'leveland was the only President married in the White Honse. 

Cleveland's second danghter was the only child ever born ' in 
the White Honse. 

Washington's first inangnration took place in Xew Yorh, sec- 
ond inangnration in Philadelphia, as also was that of John 
Adams. All sncoeeding Presidents were inangnrated in Wash- 
ington, D. C Chester A, Arthnr took oath of office in Xew 
York City. 

Washington, Monroe and Jackson fought in the Revolutionary 
War; Jackson, Wm. Henry Harrison, Tyler, Taylor and 
Buchanan participated in the War of 18il2 ; Lincoln was a soldier 
in the Black Hawk War; Taylor, Pierce and Grant were war- 
riors in the Mexican War; Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Ben- 
jamin Harrison and McKinley in the Civil War; Roosevelt was 
a Colonel in the War with Spain. 

Monroe's daughter (Mrs. Gouverneur), Grant's daughter (Mrs, 
Sartoris), Roosevelt's daugiiter (Mrs. Longworth) and two of 
Wilson's daughters (Mrs. Sayre and Mrs McAdoo) were the only 
children of a President married in the White House. 

The first wives of Presidents Tyler, Harrison and Wilson died 
in the White House. 

Presidents William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Abra- 
ham Lincoln, James A. Garfield and William McKinley died 
while holding the office. 

On the 29th of January, 1835, Richard Lawrence attempted 
to shoot President Jackson — the pistol missed fire. 

On the 14th of April, 1865, President Lincoln, while witness- 
ing a play in Ford's Theatre, was shot by John Wilkes Booth. 
He died the following day. The assassin escaped and was dis- 
covered in a barn near Fredericksburg, Va.. where he was shot 
by Sergeant Boston Corbett, twelve days after his dastardly act. 

20 



President Garfield was shot in the Pennsylvania Railroad sta- 
tion, Washington, D. C, on the 2nd of -July, 1S81, and died Sep- 
tember 19th, 1881, at Elberon, Long Branch, IST. J.; his assassin 
Charles Jules Guitean. was hanged at Washington on Jniie 30, 

1882. 

President ^IcKinley, while visiting the Pan-American Exposi- 
tion at Bnli'alo, N. Y,, was shot on September 6, 1901, and died 
eight days later at the residence of John G. Milburn in Buffalo, 
N. Y. ; the assassin, Ijouis Czolgosz, was electrocuted at Auburn, 
N. Y., October 29, 1901. 

On the 11th of October, 1912, while ex-President Roosevelt was 
campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, an insane man named 
Schrank shot him. 

The sixth President, John Quincy Adams, was the son of John 
Adams, the second President, and the twenty-third President. 
Benjamin Harrison, was the grandson of William Henry Harri- 
son, the ninth President. 

Two Presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, died on 
the same day — Jnly 4, 1826. 

The paternal ancestry of the twenty-seven Presidents of the 
United States are: English, sixteen; Scotch-Irish, five; Scotch, 
three ; Dutch, two ; Welsh, one. 

Eight Presidents were from Virginia, six from Ohio, three 
North Carolina, three New York, two Massachusetts and one 
each in Kentucky, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania 
and Vermont. 

In early life fourteen were lawyers, five teachers, three soldiers, 
two tailors, one each surveyor, publicist, and farm hand. 

^^^len elected, nineteen were lawyers, two statesmen, two soldiers, 
two public officials, one planter and one farmer. 

James A. Garfield's total vote was only 7,018 over Hancock. 
Two defeated candidates received a plurality of the popular 
vote, Samuel J. Tilden over R. B. Hayes, 250,935 ; Grover 
Cleveland over Benjamin Harrison (1888), 98,017. 

21 



Presidents who received a majority of the electoral vote but 
were in minority of popular vote — James K. Polk, Rutherford 
B. Hayes. 

Eighteen Presidents were college graduates — nine were not. 

Grover Cleveland was the Democratic candidate for President 
three times, elected 1884 and 1892, defeated 1888. 

A communication to the President should be addressed: To 
the President of the United States, Washington, D. C. 

The term of office of the President of the United States is four 
years. 

Presidential Succession 

In accordance with chapter 4 of the acts of the 49th Congress, 
first session, enacted that in case of the death, removal, resigna- 
tion or inability of the President, the Vice-President assumes 
the duties, and in case of his death, resignation, removal or 
inability, the successor comes in the following order: Secretary 
of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney 
General, Postmaster General, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of 
the Interior. 

If Congress is not in session at the time of the assumption of 
either of the above as acting President, he is to convene Congress 
in extraordinary session, giving twenty days' notice. The act 
only applies to such cabinet officers who are eligible under the 
Constitution, and have been confiraied by the United States 
Senate. 

Qualifications 

To be eligible to the Presidency or Vice-Presidency a candidate 
must be a natural born citizen of the United States and have 
attained the age of thirty-five years. 



22 



Manner in Which the President and Vice-President are 

Chosen 

At the general election, held on the first Tuesday after the first 
Monday of ISTovember, every four years, electors are voted for, 
each State selects an elector for each United States Senator and 
Member of the House of Representatives, which their State is 
entitled to. (Xew York State elects forty-five and the State ot 
Delaware three.) 

The electors chosen meet on the same day in the several States 
and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President of the United 
States separately, the result is signed by the several electors and 
certified to and then forwarded to the President of the United 
States Senate at Washington, D. C, who in the presence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives opens the certificate, the 
person receiving a majority of the votes for President and Vice- 
President will be declared elected to the respective ofiices ; if, in 
the event of no person receiving a majority, the choice for Presi- 
dent is made by the House of Representatives, eacli State being 
allowed one vote — the selection must be made from one of the 
three highest. 

In the event of no candidate being elected Vice-President, the 
scle(dion is made by the United States Senate. 

The President and Vice-President cannot be selected from the 
same State. 



23 



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24 



Secretary of War < 



Presidents' Cabinets 

Washixgtox Administeatiox 

r Thomas Jefferson. Va, 

Secretary of State < Edmund Eandolph. Va, 

[ Timotliv Pickering, Mass. 

f Alexander Hamilton. X. Y 
Secretary of the Treasury. . . . < ^.,. ,„ , ^, ' 

I Uliyer W olcott, Lonn. 

Henrv- Knox, Mass. 

Timothy Pickering, Mass. 

James McHenry. Md. 

f Samuel Osgood, Mass. 

Postmaster General i Timothy Pickering, Mass. 

I Joseph Habersham. Ga. 

r Edmund Randolph, Va. 

Attorney General < William Bradford, Pa. 

[ Charles Lee, Va. 

John Adams Admixisteatiox 

Secretary of State John Marshall, Va. 

Secretary of the Treasury .... Samuel Dexter, Mass. 

f John Marshall, Va. 

Secretary of War ^ Samuel Dexter. Mass. 

I Roger Griswold, Conn. 

_, , - ^, ( Georee Cabot, Mass. 

Secretary oi the Aayy » ." . o. u i. -in 

( Renjamm Stoddert, Md. 

Postmaster General Joseph Habersham. Ga. 

Attorney General Charles Lee, Va. 

Jeffeksox Administeatiox 

Secretary of State James Madison, Va. 

Secretary of the Treasury .... Albert Gallatin, Pa. 

Secretary of War Henry Dearborn. Mass. 

Benjamin Stoddert, Md. 

Secretary of the Xayy 'i Robert Smith, Md. 

t Jacob Crowinshield, Mass. 

Postmaster General Gideon Granger. Conn. 

Leyi Lincoln. Mass. 



Attorney General 

25 



Robert Smith. Md. 
John Breckeuridge, Ky. 
^ Caesar A. Rodney. Del. 



Madisox Admi^'istkatiox 

r Robert Smith, Md. 
I James Monroe, Va. 
Albert G-allatin, Pa. 
George W. Campbell, Tenn. 
Alexander J. Dallas, Pa. 
AYm. H. Crawford, Ga. 
Wm. Eustis, Mass. 
John Armstrong, N. Y. 
James Monroe, Va. 
Wm. H. Crawford, Ga. 
f Paul Hamilton, S. C. 

Secretary of the !Xavv J William Jones, Pa. 

I B. W. Crowninshield, Mass. 

Postmaster General Return J. Meigs, Jr., O. 

William Pinkney, Md. 
Richard Rush. Pa. 



Secretary of State . 



Secretary of the Treasury 



Secretary of War 



Attorney General 



MOXROE Administeation 

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Mass. 

Secretary of the Treasury. . . . William H. Crawford. Ga. 

Isaac Shelby, Ky. 
Secretary of War < George Graham, Va. 

John C. Calhoun, S. C, 

o , r* 1 -TV- f Smith Thompson, 1^. Y. 

Secretary oi the JN ayy 3 ^ . ^ ^ / 

I Samuel L. Southard, JN. .1. 

Postmaster General John McLean, 0. 

Attorney General William Wirt, Va. 



John Quixcy Adams Administkatiox 

Secretary of State Henry Clay, Ivy. 

Secretary of the Treasury .... Richard Rush, Pa. 

James Barbour, Va. 

Peter B. Porter, N. Y. 

Secretary of the Xayy Samuel L. Southard. X. J. 

Postmaster General John McLean. O. 

Attorney General William Wirt. Va. 



Secretary of Wai 



26 



Secretary of State 



Secretary of the Treasury ....-= 



Secretary of the ]^ayy < 



Jackson x^dministkation 

' Martin Van Buren, N. Y. 

Edward Liyingston, La. 

Louis McLane, DeL 

John Forsyth. Ga. 
''Samuel D. Ingham, Pa. 

Louis McLane, DeL 

Wm. J. Duane, Pa. 

Roger B, Taney, Md. 

I Levi Woodbury, ^N". H. 

f John H. Eaton, Tenn. 

Secretary of War < Lewis Cass, 0. 

[Benjamin F. Butler, IST. Y. 
' John Branch, N. 0. 

Levi Woodbury. X. H. 

Mahlon Dickerson, IST. J. 

fwilliam T. Barry, Ky. 

Postmaster (jenerai . ^^ i n t^ 

( Amos Is^endall, ivy. 

f John McP. Berrien, Ga. 

Attorney General J Roger B. Taney, Md. 

I Benjamin F. Butler, ^ST. Y. 

Van BtJREN Administeatiox 

Secretary of State John Forsyth, Ga. 

(Secretary of the Treasury .... Levi Woodbury, X. H. 

Secretary of War Joel R. Poinsett, iS. C. 

iSecretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson, JSI". J. 

Amos Kendall, Ky. 
John M. ISTiles, Conn, 
r Benjamin F. Butler, N. Y. 

Attorney General < Felix Grundy, Tenn. 

[Henry D. Gilpin, Pa. 

Willia:\i H. IIakeison Administration 

Secretary of State Daniel Webster, Mass. 

Secretary of the Treasury. . . . Thomas Ewing, O. 

Secretary of War John Bell, Tenn. 

'Secretary of the Xavy Geo. E. Badger, ^S". C. 

'Postmaster General Francis Granger, N. Y. 

Attorney General John J. Crittenden, Ky. 

27 



Postmaster General 



Secretarv of State < 



Secretary of tlie Treasury, 



Tyler Admixistkatiox 

' Hugh iS. Legare, S. "C. 

Abel P. Upsliur, Va. 

John C. Calhoun, S. C. 

Thomas Ewing, O. 

Walter Forward, Pa. 

John C. Spencer, IST. Y. 

George M. Bibb, Kj. 
' John McLean, 0. 

John C. Spencer, ]^. Y. 

James M. Porter, Pa. 
^ William Wilkins, Pa. 
f George E. Badger, IST. C, 

Abel P. Upshur, Va. 

David Henshaw, Mass. 

Thomas W. Gilmer, Va. 

John Y. Mason, Va. 

-n t. , n 1 { Francis Granger, N. Y. 

Postmaster General • ' ^^ 

( Charles A. Wicldiffe. Ky. 

John J. Crittenden, Ky. 

Attorney General -^ Hugh S. I^egare, S. C. 

John Xelson, Md. 



Secretarv of War 



Secretarv of the Xavv 



Polk Admixisteation 

Secretary of State James Buchanan, Pa. 

Secretary of the Treasury. . . . Robert J. Walker, Miss. 
Secretary of War William L. Marcy, X. Y. 

George Bancroft, Mass. 

John Y. Mason, Va. 
Postmaster General Cave Johnson, Tenn. 

John Y. Mason. Va. 
Attorney General -=( Xathan Cliflford, Me. 

Isaac Toucey, Conn. 



■Secretarv of the Xavv 



Tayloe Admi^'isteation 

Secretary of State John M. Clayton, Del. 

Secretary of the Treasury. . . , William ]\I. Meredith, Pa. 

o , ,. XT- f Georo-e W. Crawford, Ga. 

Secretarv of War 3 ^ , ^ , -^^ ^ ,r 

( Edward Bates, Mo. 

28 



Secretary of the Interior Thomas Ewing, 0. 

Secretary of the Xavy William B. Preston, Va. 

'Postmaster General Jacob Collamer, Vt. 

•Attorney General Beverly Johnson, Md. 

FiLL:\roKE Admixistkation 

a , J' a f Daniel Webster, Mass. 

Secretary oi State ■'„, , ^ -,, 

[ Jidward iiverett, Mass. 

Secretary of the Treasury. . . . Thomas Corwin, 0, 

Secretary of War Charles M. Conrad, La. 

I Thomas A. Pearce, O. 
Secretary of the Interior -< Thomas M. T. McKennan. Md. 

[ Alexander H. H. Stuart, Pa. 

„ ,. •, -XT C William A. Graham, ^^. C. 

Secretary oi the JNavv < -r ^ -nr- i ^n 

( J ohn P. ivennedy, Md. 

p p , I Nathan K. Hall, ¥. Y. 

( Samuel D. Hubbard, Conn. 

Attorney General John J. Crittenden, Ky. 

Pierce Administration^ 

Secretary of State William L. Marcy. 

Secretary of the Treasury. . . . James Guthrie, Ky. 

Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, Miss. 

Secretary of the Interior Robert McClelland, Mich. 

Secretary of the Xavy James C, Dobbin, ]^. C. 

'Postmaster General James Campbell, Pa. 

Attornev General Caleb Cushino^, Mass. 



Buchanan" Administration 
Secretarv of State 



Secretary of the Treasury. . . . -< 
Secretarv of W"ar 



Lewis Cass, Mich. 

Jeremiah S. Black, Pa. 
' Howell Cobb, Ga. 

Philip P. Thomas, Md. 

John A. Dix, N. Y. 

John D. Floyd, Va. 

Joseph Holt, Ky. 

Secretarv of the Interior Jacob Thompson, Miss. 

Secretary of the l^avy Isaac Toucey, Conn. 

29 



• C Aaron V. Brown, Tenn. 

Postmaster General J Joseph Holt, Ky. 

Horatio King, Me. 

( Jeremiah S. Black, Pa. 
Attorney General | ^^^^.^^ ^^ g^^^^^^^^ ^ 

Lincoln Administkation 

Secretary of State William H. Seward, N. Y. 

r Salmon P. Chase, 0. 
Secretary of the Treasury. • • • J Wm. P. Fessenden, Me. 

1 Hugh MoCulloch, Ind. 

, Simon Cameron, Pa. 

Secretary of War ) t^ ^ • ivr o^ j. r^ 

-^ ■) Edwin M. Stanton, U. 

c , .----. f Caleb P. Smith, Ind. 

Secretary oi the interior -^ ^ i t^ x^ n t -■ 

( John P. Usher, Ind. 

Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, Conn. 

-r, ^ T f Montgomerv Blair, Md. 

Postmaster General tttmt" -t." • r\ 

I William Dennison, U. 

Edward Bates, Mo. 

Attorney General -< Titian J. Coffey, Pa. 

James Speed, Ky. 

Johnson Administeation 

Secretary of State William H. Seward, N. Y. 

Secretary of the Treasury. . . . Hugh McfCulloch, Ind. 

[ Edwin M. Stanton, O. 
Secretary of War < V. S. Grant, 111. 

^ John ]\r. Schofield, N. Y. 

f John P. Usher, Ind. 
Secretary of the Interior < James Harlan, la. 

I Orville H. Browning, 111. 

Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, Conn. 

Postmaster General William Dennison, O. 

James Speed, Ky. 

Attorney General .' . . . ^ Henry Stanherry, O. 

' I William M. Evarts, N. Y. 



30 



Grant Administration 



Secretary of State, 



Secretary of the Treasury 



Secretary of War, 



Secretary of the Interior 



Secretary of the ISTayy 



Postmaster General 



iVttorney General < 



Elihu B. Washburn, 111. 
Hamilton Fish, N. Y. 
George S. Boutwell, Mass. 
Wm. A. Richardson, Mass. 
Bingham H. Bristow, Ky. 
Lot M. Morrill, Me. 
John A. Rawlins, 111. 
Wm. T. Shennan, O. 
Wm. W. Belknap, la. 
Alphonso Taft, 0. 
James Don Cameron, Pa. 
Jacob D. Cox, 0. 
Columbus Delano, 0. 
Zacharias Chandler, Mich. 
Adolph E. Borie, Pa. 
George M. Robeson, 'N. J. 
John A. G. Cl-esswell, Md. 
James W. Marshall, Va. 
Marshall Jewell, Conn. 
James X. Tyner, Ind. 
Ebenezer R. Hoar, Mass. 
Amos T. Ackerman, Ga. 
George H. Williams, Ore. 
Edwards Pierrepont, 'N. Y. 
Alphonso Taft, 0. 



Hayes Administration 

Secretary of State William M. Evarts, X. Y. 

Secretary of the Treasury. . . . John Sherman, O. 

e, . TTT f George W. McCrary, la. 

Secretary oi V\ ar ) ,, , ^ \^. 

^ Alexander liamsey, Jiimn. 

Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz, Mo. 

<-, f Richard W. Thompson, Ind. 

Secretary o± the ^ avy ] at .i n 4x t w tt 

( A'athan Gon, Jr., W. va. 

-D . , n 1 ( David McK. Key. Tenn. 

rostmaster (jrenerai > " 

( Horace Maynard, Tenn. 

Attorney General Charles Deyens, Mass. 



31 



Garfield Admixisteatiox 

Secretary of State James G. Blaine, Me. 

Secretary of tlie Treasury .... John Sherman, O. 

Secretary of War Robert T. Lincoln, 111. 

Secretary of the Interior Sam'l. J. Kirkwood, la. 

Secretary of the ISTavy AYilliam H. Hunt, La. 

Postmaster General Thomas L. James, iST. Y. 

Attorney General Wayne MacVeagh, Pa. 

Aethur Administration 

Secretary of State F. T. Frelinghuysen, X. J. 

j r Chas. J. Folger, X. Y. 
Secretary of the Treasury. • - - < Walter Q. Gresham, Ind. 

. [ Hugh McCulloch, Ind." 

Secretary of War Eobt. T. Lincoln, 111. 

Secretary of the Interior Henry M. Teller, Col. 

Secretary of the Xavy Wm. E, Chandler, X. H. 

I Timothy 0. Howe, Wis. 

Postmaster General -s Walter Q. Gresham, Ind. 

[ Prank Hatton, la. 
Attorney General Benjamin H. Brewster, Pa. 

'CtEVELAXD Administration 

Secretary of State Thos. F. Bayard. Del. 

^ . . rr i Daniel Manning, X. Y. 

Secretarv ot the Ireasurv. . . . i ^,. ^ o x^ • i -i i -\t ^^ 

C Charles S. i airchild, JN. i. 

Secretary of War William C. Endicott, Mass. 

Secretary of the Interior Lucius Q. C. Lamar, Miss. 

Secretary of the Xavy William C. Whitney, X^. Y. 

T, ^ ^ ^ T f William F. Vilas, Wis. 

Postmaster General ] ^^^._ ■ ^^. ^ 

( Don M. Dickinson, Mich. 

Attorney General Augustus H. Garland, Ark. 

Secretary of Agriculture Xorman J. Colman, Mo. 

Harrison Administration 

James G. Blaine, Me. 



Secretarv of State iti ttt-t^ -ri 

t John W. Jjoster, Ind. 

c, , J. , rr. { William Windom, Minn. 

Secretarv oi the Ireasury. . • . < ^„ , -^ ^ 

-^ ( Charles- Foster, O. 

32 



Secretary of War 



Kedfiekl Proctor, Vt. 

Stephen B. Elkins, ^Y. Va. 

Secretary of the Interior Jno. W. I^oble, Mo. 

Secretary of the Navy Benj. F. Tracy, 2S[. Y. 

Postmaster General John Wanamaker, Pa. 

Attorney General -William H. II. Miller. Ind. 

Secretary of Agriculture Jeremiah M. Rusk, Wis. 



Cleveland's Second Administkation 

c J. c^ C ^Valter Q. Gresham, 111. 

Secretary oi State ^ tt i i r^^ -vr 

•^ I Richard Olney, Mass. 

Secretary of the Treasury. . . . John G. Carlisle, Ky. 

Secretary of War Daniel S. Lamont, X. Y. 

c , J- ,1 T X • f Hoke Slnith, Ga. 

Secretary oi the Interior { ^ . , ^ ' 

•^ ( David R. Francis, 



Postmaster General 



Mo. 

Wilson S. Bissell, N. Y. 
Wm. L. Wilson, W. Ya. 



. „ . ( Richard Olnev, Mass. 

Attorney General -t -r i tt " r\ 

I Judson Harmon, U. 

Secretary of Agriculture J. Sterling Morton, l^eh. 



McKiNLEY Administkation 

' John Sherman, O. 

Secretary of State -i Wm. R, Day, 0. 

John Hav, O. 

Secretary of the Treasury Lyman J. Gage, 111. 

( Russell A. Alger, Mich. 

Secretary oi War ) -m-i -n x t^t ^r. 

( Flihu Root, JN. 1. 



Secretary of the Interior 



Cornelius N. Bliss, N. Y. 

Ethan A. Hitchcock, Mo. 

Secretary of the iSTavy John D. Long, Mass. 

-n ^ ^ ^ T f James A. Garv, Md. 

Postmaster General 3 ^ ' 

( Charles Lmory Smith, Pa. 

I Joseph McKenna, Cal. 
Attorney General < John W. Griggs, X. J. 

[ Philander C. Knox, Pa. 
Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson, la. 



33 



Roosevelt Administration 



Secretary of State < 



Secretary of the Treasury 



Secretary of War -= 



Secretary of the Interior 



Secretary of the Xavy < 



Postmaster General 



Attorney General 



Secretary of Agriculture. 

Secretary of Commerce 
Lahor 



and 



John Hay, 0. 
Elihu Root, X. Y. 
Robert Bacon, N. Y. 
Lyman J. Gage, 111. 
Leslie M. Shaw, la. 
George B. Cortelyon, N. Y. 
Elihu Root, IsT. Y. 
Wm. H. Taft, O. 
Luke E. Wright, Tenn. 
Ethan A. Hitchcock, Mo. 
James R. Garfield, O. 
John D. Long, Mass, 
Wm. H. Moody, Mass. 
Paul Morton, 111. 
Chas. J. Bonaparte, Md. 
Victor H. Metcalf, Cal. 
Truman H. Newberry, Mich. 
Chas. Emory Smith, Pa. 
Henry C. Payne, Wis. 
Robt. J. Wynne, Pa. 
Geo. B. Cortelyou, K. Y. 
Geo. von L. Mever, Mass. 
Philander C. Knox, Pa. 
William H. Moody, Mass, 
Chas. J. Bonaparte, Md. 
James Wilson, la. 
Geo. B. Cortelyou, X. Y. 
Victor H. Metcalf, Cal. 
Oscar S. Strauss, X. Y. 



Taft Administration 

Secretary of State Philander C. Knox, "Pa. 

Secretary of the Treasury. . . . Franklin ]MacVeagh, 111. 

„ , „. C Jacob M. Dickinson, Tenn. 

Secretary oi W ar \ -ry ^ ^^ a-^ a^ 

'^ / Henry L. Stimson, JN . 1 . 



Secretary of the Interior 



f Rich. A. Ballinger, Wash. 
I Walter L. Eisher, 111. 



34 



Secretary of the Navy George von L. Meyer, Mass. 

Postmaster General George H. Hitchcock, Mass. 

Attorney General George W. Wickersham, N. Y. 

Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson, la. 

Secretary of Commerce and 

Labor Chas. Xagel, Mo. 

Wilson Administeation 

era C Wm. J. Bryan, Neb. 

Secretary oi State I -n, ^ t • a- -t- 

( jAobert Lansing, jN. x. 

Secretary of the Treasury. . . . Wm. G. McAdoo, N. Y. 

o X <> TT- ( Lindlev M. Garrison, N. J. 

Secretary ol V\ ar I ^ t^ -n . ^, • 

I Ae>\vton i). Laker, Ohio. 

Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane, Cal. 

Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, N. C. 

Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson, Texas. 

Attorney General .1 '^'^"^^^ ^- ^^^cKeynolds, Tenn. 

[ Thomas Watt Gregory, Texas. 

Secretary of Agriculture D^yid F. Houston, Mo. 

Secretary of Commerce Wm. C. Eedfield, N. Y. 

Secretary of Labor Wm. B. Wilson, Pa. 



35 



Elections of President and Vice-President 

The election for President and Vice-President are chosen in- 
directly. The selection of candidates are made at National Con- 
ventions ; the people vote for electors, who select the President and 
Vice-President, 

The following tables show the nnmber of electoral votes, also 
(from 1828 to 1912) the popular vote: 

Prior to 1801 each elector voted for two candidates for Presi- 
dent. The one receiving the largest nnmber of votes was declared 
President and the one receiving the next highest nnmber Vice- 
President, 

1789 

At this election George Washington received 69 electoral votes 
and John Adams, 34; John Jav, 9; R. H, Harrison, 6^,' John 
Rutledge, 6 ; John Hancock. 4 ; George Clinton, 3 ; Samuel Hunt- 
ington, 2; John Milton, 2; James Armstrong, Benjamin Lincoln 
and Edward Telfair, one each (4 vacancies), George Washing- 
ton and John Adams were declared elected President and Vice- 
President, reispectively. 

1792 

At this election George Washington received the unanimous 
vote, 132, The second choice of the electors was: John Adams 
received T7 votes; George Clinton, 50; Thomas Jefferson, 4; 
Aaron Burr, 1 (3 vacancies). Washington and Adams were de- 
clared elected, 

Washington and Adams were Federalists; iClinton, Jefferson 
and Burr, Pepublicans. (The Democratic party of to-day are 
the followers of the Republican party of 1792,) 

1796 

At this election John Adams received 71 votes; Thomas Jef- 
ferson, 68>; Thomas Pinckney. 59; Aaron Burr, 30; Samuel 
Adams, 15; Oliver Ellsworth, 11; George 'Clinton, 7; John Jay, 
'5 ; James Iredell, 3 ; George Washington, John Henry, Samuel 
Johnson, 2 each, and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 1, 

John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were declared elected Presi- 
dent and Vice-President, 

36 



Jolin Adams, Thomas Pinckney, EUsworth, Jay, Iredell, Wash- 
ing-ton, Henrv, Johnson and Chas. Coteswortli Pinckney were 
Federalists; Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr, Samuel Adams and 
George Clinton, Republicans. 

1800 

At this election Thomas Jefferson received 73 votes ; Aaron 
Burr, 73; John Adams, -65; Charles C. Pinckney, 64; John Jay, 
1. lAs Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes, according to 
the 'Constitution the House of Representatives made the selection, 
each State was entitled to one vote. Jefferson received the 
vote of ten States and Burr four. 

Jeft'erson was declared elected President and Burr Vice-Presi- 
dent. Jefferson and Burr were Republicans; Adams, Pinckney 
and Jay, Federalists. 

1804 

The Oonstitution of the United States having been changed, 
the electors voted for President and Vice-President. 

Thomas Jefferson and George Clinton, Republicans, were 
elected President and Vice-President, they having received 162 
electoral votes as against l-i received by iCharles C. Pinckney 
and Rufus King, Federalists. 

1808 

At this election James Madison received 122' votes for Presi- 
dent ; Charles 'C. Piuckney, 47, and George Clinton 6. For the 
office of Vice-President, George 'Clinton received 113 votes; 
Rufus King, 47 ; John T.angdon, 9 ; James Madison, 3 ; James 
Monroe, 3 (vacancy. 1). 

Madison was declared elected President and Clinton Vice- 
President. Madison and Clinton were Republicans; Pinckney 
and King, Federalists. 

1812 

At this election the candidates were James Madison and 
Elbridge Gerry, Republicans; DeWitt Clinton and Jared Inger- 
soll. Federalists. 

Madison received 12S votes and Glinton 89. For Vice-Presi- 
dent. Gerry received 131 votes and Ingersoll 86 (1 vacancy). 

37 



i8i6 

James Monroe for President and Daniel D. Tompkins for 
Vice-President were the candidates of the Eepublican party and 
elected. 

Rufus King and) John Eager Howard were the Federalist 
candidates. 

Monroe and Tompkins received ISo votes; King for President. 
•34. The vote for Vice-President was distribnted as follows : John 
Eager Howard, 22; James Poss. 5; John Marshall. 4: Robert 
G. Harper. 3 (4 vacancies). 

1820 

At this election James Monroe Avas elected President and 
Daniel D, Tompkins Vice-President. 

James Monroe receired 231 votes and John Quincy Adams 1. 

Daniel D. Tompkins received 21S votes; Richard Stockton. S; 
Daniel Rodney. 4; Robert G. Harper. 1; Richard Rnsh. 1. 

1824 

At this election the vote was: Andrew Jackson. 09: John 
Qnincy Adams, 84; Henry Clay. 37: 'William H. Crawford. 41. 
Xo one receiving a majority, the Honse of Representatives elected 
John Qnincy Adams. 

The vote on Vice-President was: John C. Calhoun. 182; 
Xathan Sanford, 30; Xathaniel ^Facon, 24; Andrew Jackson, 
13; Martin Van Bnren. 9; Henry Clay. 2 (vacancy 1). 

Calhoun was elected. 

1828 

Elect. Pop. Elect. 

For President. Vote. Vote. For Vice-President. Vote. 

Andrew Jackson ITS &47,231 John C. Calhoun 171 

John Q. Adams S3 509,097 Richard Rush S3 

William Smith 7 

Jackson and Calhonn were the candidates of the Democratic 
party; Adams and Rnsh. National Reptiblicans ; Smith was a 
Democrat opposed to Calhonn. 



38 



1832 

Elect. Pop. Elect- 

For President. Vote. Vote. For Vice-President. Vote. 

Andrew Jackson 219 687,502 Martin Van Buren 1S9 

Henry Clay 49 530,189 John Sergeant 49 

John Floyd 11^ 99 ins Henrv Lee 11 

William Wirt 7 J "^'^•^"® Amos Ellmaker 7 

William Wilkins 30 

Jackson and Van Buren were the candidates of tlie Democratic 
party; Clay and Sergeant, Xational Republicans; Floyd and Lee, 
Independent ; Wirt and Ellmaker, Anti-Mason ; Wilkins a Demo- 
crat, opposed to Van Buren. 

1836 

Elect. Pop. Elect. 

For President. Vote. Vote. For Vice-President. Vote. 

Martin Van Buren 170 761,549 R. M. Johnson 147 

William Henrv Harrison... 73 ■) Francis Granger 77 

Hugh iL. White 26 ( -or /■-« John Tvler 47 

Daniel Webster 14 f '"''•'^^'^ William Smith 23 

Willie P. Mangum 11 ) 

Van Bnren and Johnson were the candidates of the Democratic 
party ; Harrison and Grano-er, 'White and Tyler, Webster and 
Mangum. AVhigs; Smith a Democrat, opposed to Johnson. 

1840 

Elect. Pop. Elect. 

For President. Vote. Vote For Vice-President. Vote. 

William Henrv Harrison... 234 1,275,017 John Tvler 234 

Martin Van Buren 60 1,128,702 R. M. Johnson 48 

James G. Birney 7,059 L. W. Tazewell 11 

James K. Polk 1 

Thomas Earle 

Harrison and Tyler were candidates of the Whig party ; Van 
Buren and Johnson, Democratic ; Birney and Earle, Liberal ; 
Tazewell and Bolk, Democrats. 

1844 

Elect. Pop. Elect. 

For President. Vote. Vote. For Vice-President. Vote. 

James K. Polk 170 1,337,243 George M. Dallas 170 

Henry Clay 105 1,299,068 T. Frelinghuysen 105 

James G. Birney 62,300 Thomas Morris 

Polk and Dallas were candidates of the Democratic party; Clay 
and Frelinghuysen. AYhig; Birney and Morris, Liberal. 

1848 

Elect. Pop. Elect. 

For President. Vote. Vote. For Vice-President. Vote. 

Zacharv Tavlor 163 1,360,101 Millard Fillmore 163 

Lewis Cass' 127 1,220,544 William O. Butler 127 

Martin Van Buren 291,263 Charles F. Adams 

Taylor and Fillmore were candidates of the Whig party; Cass 
and Butler, Democratic; Van Buren and Adams, Free Soilers. 

39 



1852 



For President. 
Franklin Pierce. 
Winfield Scott ... 
John P. Hale.... 
Daniel Webster . 



Elect. 




Pop. 


Vote. 




Vote. 


254 


1, 


,601,474 


42 


1, 


, 380, 576 

156, 149 

1,670 



For Vice-President. 

William R, King- 

William A. Graham.. 
George W. Julian 



Elect. 
Vote. 

.. 254 
42 



Pierce and King were candidates of tlie Democratic party; 
Scott and Graham, W'hig; Hale and Julian, Federal Democrats; 



Webster, Whig. 



1856 



Elect. Pop. 
For President. Vote. Vote. 

James Buchanan 174 1,838,169 

John C. Fremont 114 1,341,264 

Millard Fillmore 8 874,538 



Elect. 
For Vice-President. Vote. 

John C. Breckenridge 174 

William L. Dayton 114 

A. J. Donelson 8 



Buchanan and Breckenridge were candidates of the Democratic 
party ; Fremont and Dayton, Republican ; Fillmore and Donelson, 
American. 



For President. 

Abraham Lincoln 

Stephen A. Douglas 

John C. Breckenridge. 
John ;Bell 



Elect. 

Vote. 

180 

12 

72 

39 



i860 

Pop. 

Vote. 

1,866,3.52 

1,375,157 

845,763 

589, 581 



For Vice-President. 

Hannibal Hamlin 

Herschel V. Johnson. 

Joseph Lane 

Edward Everett 



Elect. 

Vote. 

.. 180 

12 

72 

39 



Lincoln and Hamlin were candidates of the Eepublican party ; 
Douglas and Johnson and Breckenridge and Lane, Democratic; 
Bell and Everett, Union. 

1864 



For President. 

Abraham Lincoln 

George B. McClellan. 



Pop. 

Vote. 



Elect. 
Vote. 

212 2,216,067 
21 1,808,725 



For Vice-President. 

Andrew Johnson 

George H. Pendleton. 



Elect. 
Vote. 

212 
21 



Lincoln and Johnson were candidates of the Republican party, 
and MciClellan and Pendleton, Democrats. 



Elect. 
For President. Vote. 

Ulysses S. Grant 214 

Horatio Seymour SO 



1868 

Pop. 

Vote. 

3,015,071 
2,709,615 



Elect. 
For Vice-President. Vote. 

Schuyler Colfax 214 

Francis P. Blair SO 



Grant and Colfax were candidates of the Republican party, and 
Seymour and Blair, Democrats. 



40 



For President. 

Ulysses S. Grant 

Horace Gree'ey 

Charles O'Conor 

James Black 

Thomas A. Hendricks. 

B. Gratz Brown 

Charles J. Jenkins 

David Davis 



Elect. 

Vote. 

286 



1872 

Pop. 

Vote. 
3,597,070 
2,834,077 

29,408 
5,608 



For -Vice-President. 

Henry Wilson 

B. Gratz Brown 

Jolin Q. Adams 

John Ru.«sell 

George W. Julian 

A, H. Colquitt 

John M. Palmer 

T. E. Bramlette 

W. S. Groesbeck 

Willis B. Maehen 

Nathaniel P. Banks... 



Elect. 

Vote. 

.. 286 

47 



Grant and Wilson were candidates of the Republican party; 
Greeley and Brown, Democratic and Liberal ; 0''Conor, Hend- 
ricks, Brown and Jenkins were Democrats; Black, Temperance, 
and Davis, Independent; Adams, Colquitt, Palmer, Bramlette, 
iGroesbeck and Maehen, Democrats; Julian and Banks, Liberal, 
and Russell, Temperance. 

Many Democrats throughout the country that would not sup- 
port Greeley nominated various tickets, Oreeley died after the 
election and before the Electoral Colleo-e assembled. 



1876 



For Vice-President. 
Thomas A. Hendricks. 
William A. Wheeler... 

Samuel F. Gary 

Gideon T. Stewart 

D. Kirkpatrick 



Elect. 
Vote. 

. . 184 
.. 185 



Elect. Pop. 

For President. Vote. Vote. 

Samuel J. Tilden 184 4,284,885 

Rutherford B. Hayes 185 4,033,950 

Peter Cooper 81,740 

Green Clay Smith 9,522 

James B. Walker 2,6-36 

Tilden and Hendricks were candidates of the Democratic 
party; Hayes and Wheeler, Republican; Cooper and Gary, Green- 
back; Smith and 'Stewart, Prohibition; Walker and Kirkpatrick, 
American. 

1880 



For President. 

James A. Garfield 

Winfleld S. Hancock. 

James B. Weaver 

Neal T)ow 

John W. Phelps 



Elect. 
Vote. 


Pop. 
Vote. 


214 
155 


4,449,053 

4,442,035 

307,306 

10. 305 

707 



For Vice-President. 

Chester A. Arthur 

William H. English . . 

B. J. Chambers 

H. A. Thompson 

S. C. Pomeroy 



Elect. 

Vote. 

.. 214 

. . 155 



Garfield and Arthur were candidates of the Republican party; 
Llancock and English, Democratic ; Weaver and Chambers, Green- 
back; Dow and Thompson, Prohibitionists; Phelps and Pomeroy, 
American. 

1884 



For President. 
Grover Cleveland 
James G. Blaine.. 
John P. ,St. John. 
Benj. F. Butler... 
P. D. Wigginton.. 



Elect. 

Vote. 

219 

182 



Pop. 

Vote. 

4,911,017 

4,848,334 

151,809 

133, 825 



For Vice-President. 

Thomas A. Hendricks. 

Joihn A. Logan 

William Daniel 

A. M. West 



Elect. 

Vote. 

. . 219 

.. 1S2 



41 



Cleveland and Hendricks were candidates of the Democratic 
party; Blaine and Logan, Repnblican ; St. John and Daniel, Pro- 
hibition; Butler and 'AVest, Greenback; AYigginton (no running 
mate), American — no record of vote. 



1888 



For President. 
Grover Cleveland . 
(Benjamin Harrison 

Clinton B. Fisk 

Alson J. Streeter.. 

R. H. Cowdry 

James L. Curtis... 



Elect. 


Pop. 


Vote. 


Vote. 


16S 


5,538,933 


233 


5,440,216 




249,907 




148, 105 




2, SOS 




1,591 



For Vice-President. 

Allen G. Thurman 

Levi P. Morton 

John A. Brooks 

C. E. Cunning-ham 

W. H. T. Wakefield.. 
James B. Greer 



Elect. 

Vote. 

.. 168 

.. 233 



Cleveland and Thurman were candidates of the Democratic 
party ; Harrison and Morton. Bepublican ; Fisk ,and Brooks. Pro- 
hibition ; Streeter and iC'unningham, Union Labor; Cowdrv and 
Wakefield, United Labor ; 'Ctirtis and Greer, American. 



1892 



For President. 
Grover Cleveland . . 
Benjamin Harrison 
James B. Weaver.. 

John Bidwell 

Simon Wing 



Elect. 
Vote. 

277 
145 



Pop. 
Vote. 

5,556,918 

5,176,108 

1,041,028 

264,133 



For Vice-President. 



Adlai Stevenson . . 
^Vhitelaw Reid . . . 

Janaes G. Field 

James D. Cranfill. 



Elect. 

Vote. 

.. 277 

.. 145 

22 



91,164 Charles H. Matchett. 



lOleveland and Stevenson were candidates of the Democratic 
party ; Harrison and Eeid, Eepublican ; Weaver and Field, 
Peoples ; Bidwell and Cranfill, Prohibitionist ; Wing and Matchett, 
Social Labor. 

1896 



For President. 



Elect. 
Vote. 



William McKinley 271 

William J. Bryan 176 

Joshua Levering 

John 'M. Palmer 

Charles H. Matchett 

Charles E. Bentley 



Pop. 

Vote. For Vice-President. 

7,104,779 Garrett A. Hobart.... 

6,502,925 Arthur Sewell 

132,007 Thomas E. M^atson... 

133,448 Hale Johnson 

36,274 Simon B. Buckner. ... 

13,968 Matthew Maguire .... 

James H. Southgate.. 



Elect. 
Vote. 



271 
149 

27 



1900 



For President. 

W^illiam McKinley . 
W'illiam J. Bryan... 

John G. Wooley 

Wharton Barker ... 

Eugene V. Debs 

Joseph F. Mallonev. 
J. F. R. Leonar-d... 
'Seth H. Ellis 



Elect. 


Pop. 


Vote. 


Vote. 


292 


7,207,923 


155 


6,3.58.133 




208, 914 




50, .-573 




87,814 




39,739 




1,059 




5,698 



For Vice-President. 

Theodore Roosevelt .. 

Adlal Stevenson 

Henry B. Metcalf 

Ignatiua Donnelly — 

Job Harriman 

Valentine Remmel ... 

John G. Wooley 

Samuel T. Nicholson. 



Elect. 

Vote. 

. . 292 

.. 155 



McKinley and Roosevelt were candidates of the Republican 
party; Bryan and Stevenson, Democratic; Wooley and Metcalf, 



42 



Prohibition ; Barker and Donnelly, Peoples ; Debs and Harriman, 
Socialists ; Mallonej and Remmel, Socialist Labor ; Leonard and 
Wooley, L'nited Christian; Ellis and i^icholson, Union Reform. 



1904 



For President. 
Theodore Roosevelt . . 

Alton B. Parker 

Eugene V. Debs 

Silas C. Swallow 

Thomas E. Watson... 
Charles H. Corrigan. 



Elect. 
Vote. 


Pop. 

Vote. 


336 
140 


7, 623, 486 

5,077,911 

402,283 

258,536 

117,183 



For Vice-President. 
Charles W. Fairbanks. 

Henry G. Davis 

Benjamin Hanford 

George W. Carrell. .. . . . 

Thomas H. Tibbl-es 



Elect. 
Vote. 

.. 336 
.. 140 



31,219 William W. Cox. 



Roosevelt and Fairbanks were candidates of the Repnblican 
party ; Parker .and iDavis, Democratic ; D'ebs and Hanford, Social- 
ists ; Swallow and 'Carrell, Prohibition ; Watson and Tibbies, 
Peoples ; Oorrigan and Cox, Socialist Labor. 



1908 



For President. 
William H. Taft.... 
William J. Bryan... 

Eugene V. Debs 

Eugene W. Chafln.. 
Thomas E. Watson. 
August Gillhaus ... 
Thomas L. Hisgen. 



Elect 


Pop. 


Vote. 


Vote. 


321 


7,678,90,8 


162 


6,409,104 




420,793 




253, 840 




29, 100 




13, 823 




82,872 



Elect. 
For Vice-President. Vote. 

James S. Sherman 321 

John W. Kern 162 

Benjamin) Hanford 

Aaron S. "Watkins 

Samuel Williams 

Donald L. Munro 

John Temple Graves 



'Taft and Sherman were candidateis of the Republican party; 
Bryan and Kern, Democratic; Debs and Hanford, Socialists; 
Chafin and Watkins, Prohibitionists ; Watson and Williams, 
Peoples; Grillhaus and Munro, Socialistic Labor; Hisgen and 
Oraves, Independents. 



1912 



For President. 
Woodrow Wilson ... 
William H. Taft.... 
Theodore Roosevelt 

Eugene V. Debs 

Eugene W. Chafin.. 
Arthur E. Reimer.. 



Elect. 


Pop. 


Vote. 


Vote. 


435 


6,293,019 


8 


3,484,956 


88 


4,119,507 




901.873 




207,928 




29, 259 



For Vice-President. 

Thomas R. Marshall.. 

Nicholas M. Butler 

Hiram W. Johnson 

Emil Seidel 

Aaron S. Watkins 

August Gillhaus 



Elec. 
Vote. 

. 435 



8S 



Wilson and Marshall were candidates of the Democratic party; 
Taft and Butler, Republican ; Roosevelt and Johnson, Pro- 
gressive ; Debs and Seidel, Socialists ; Chafin and Watkins, Pro- 
hibitionists; Reimer and Gillhaus, Socialistic Labor. 



43 



Senators, Representatives and Electoral Votes by States. 

The following is a list of States, with iiiuiiber of Senators and 
Members of the House of Representatives ; also the Electoral 
Vote each State is entitled to: 



STATES. 


Senators, 


Members 
H. of R. 


Electoral 
Vole. 


Ahibama 


2 
2 

2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 


10 
1 
7 

11 
I 
5 
1 
4 

12 
2 

27 
13 

11 

8 

11 

8 

4 

6 

16 

13 

10 

8 

16 

2 

6 
1 
2 

12 
1 

43 

10 
3 

22 


12 


Arizona 


3 


Arkansas 


9 


California 


13 


Colorado 


6 


Connecticut 

Delaware 


7 
3 


Florida 


6 


Georffia 


14 


Idaho 

lllninis 


4 
29 


Indiana 


15 


Iowa 

]vansa^ 


13 
10 


Kentucky 

Louisana 


13 
10 


Maine 


6 


Maryland 


8 


•7 

Massachusetts 


IS 


Michiii'an 


15 


Minnesota 


12 


Mississippi . 


10 


Missouri 


IS 


Montana 


4 


Nebraska 


8 


Xevada 


3 


Xew Hampshire 

Xew Jersey 


4 
14 


Xew ^lexico 


o 


Xew Vork 


45 


Xorth Carolina 


l-"? 


Xorth Dakota 

Ohio 


5 
24 



44 



Senators, Representatives and Electoral Votes by 
States — Continued. 



STATES. 



Senators. 



Members 
H. of R. 



Electoral 
Vote. 



Oklahoma .... 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . 
Rhode Island . . 
South Carolina 
South Dakota.. 
Tennessee .... 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington . . . 
West Virginia. 
Wisconsin . . . . 
Wvomino- 



8 
3 

86 
3 
7 
3 

10 

18 
2 
2 

10 
5 
6 

11 
1 



10 
5 

38 
5 
9 
5 

12 

20 
4 
4 

12 
7 
8 

13 
3 



Total 531 ; necessary to elect, 266. 



45 



Presidents Pro Tempore of the United States Senate 

Years. Years. 

17S9-92 John Langdon. X. H. 1826-28 Nathaniel Macon, N. C. 
1792 Richard H. Lee, Va. 1 328-32 Samuel Smith, Md. 

1792-94 John Langdon, X. H. 1832 L. W. Tazewell, Va. 
1794-95 Ralph Izard, S. C. 1832-34 Hugh L. White, Tenn. 

1795-96 Henry Trazewell, Va. 1834-35 George Poindexter, Miss. 
1796-97 Samuel Livermore,X. H. 1835-36 John Tyler, Va. 
1797 William Bingham, Pa. 1836-41 William R. King, Ala. 

1797 William Bradford, R. I. 1841-42 Saml. L. Southard, X. J. 
1797-98 Jacob Read, S. C. 1842-46 W. P. Mangum, X. C. 

1798 Theo. Sedgwick, Mass. 1846-49 D. R. Atchinson, Mo. 
1798-99 John Laurence, X. Y. 1850-5'2 Wm. R. King, Ala. 

1799 James Ross, Pa. 1852-54 D. R. Atchinson, Mo. 
1799-00 Samuel Livermore, X^. H. 1854-57 Jesse D. Bright. Lid. 

1800 Uriah Tracy, Ct. 1857 James M. Mason, Va. 
1800-01 John E. Howard, Md. 1857-61 Benj. Fitzpatrick,* Ala. 

1801 James Hillhouse, Ct. 1861-64 Solomon Foot, Vt. 
1801-02 Abraham Baldwin, Ga. 1864-65 Daniel Clark, X. H. 
1802-03 Stephen R. Bradley, Vt. 1865-67 Lafayette S. Foster, Ct. 
180.3-04 John Brown. Ky. 1867-69 Benjamin F. Wade, O. 
1804-05 Jesse Franklin, X. C. 1869-73 Henry B. Anthony. R. I. 
180,5 Joseph Anderson, Tenn. 1873-75 M. H. Carpenter, Wis. 
1805-08 Samuel Smith, Md. 1875-79 Thos. W. Ferry, Mich. 
1808-09 Stephen R. Bradley, Vt. 1879-81 A. G. Thurman, O. 
1809 John Milledge, Ga. " 1881 Thomas F. Bayard, Del. 
1809-10 Andrew Gregg, Pa. 1881-83 David Davis, 111. 
1810-11 John Gaillard, S. C. 1883-8,5 Geo. F. Edmunds, Vt. 
1811-12 John Pope, Ky. 1885-87 John Sherman, O. 
1812-13 Wm. H. Crawford, Ga. 1887-91 John J. Ingalls, Kan. 
1813-14 JosephB.Varnum, Mass. 1891-93 C. F. Manderson, Xeb. 
1814-18 John Gaillard, S. C. 189i3-9,5 Isham G. Harris, Tenn. 
1818-19 James Barbour, Va. 1895-11 William P. Frye, Me. 
1820-26 John Gaillard. S. C. 1913 James P. Clarke, Ark. 



* Succeeded Thos. J. Rusk, of Texas. Elected March 14, 1857, as President pro 
tempore. 



46 



Speakers of the United States House of Representatives 



Years. Years. 

1789-91 F. A. Miihlenbiirg, Pa. 1845-47 

1791-93 Jonathan Trumbull, Ct. 1847-49 

1793-95 F. A. Muhlenburg, Pa. 1849-51 

1795-99 Jonathan Dayton, N. J. 1851-55 

1799-01 Theo. Sedgwick, Mass. 1855-57 

1801-07 Nathaniel Macon, N. C. 1857-5'9 
1807-11 Josephs. Varnum, Mass. 1859-61 

1811-14 Henry Clay, Ky. 1861-63 

1814-15 Langdon Cheves, S. C. 1863'-69 

1815-20 Henry Clay, Ky. 1869-75 

1820-21 John W. Taylor, N. Y. 1875-76 

18211-23 Philip P. Barbour, Va. 1876-81 

1823-25 Henry Clay. Ky. 1881-83 

1825-27 John W. Taylor, N. Y. 1883-89 

1827-34 Andrew Stevenson, Va. 1889-91 

1834-35 John Bell, Tenn. 1891-9,5 

1835-39 James K. Polk, Tenn. 1895-99 

1839-41 R. M. T. Hunter, Va. 1899-03 

1841-43 John White, Ky. 1903-11 

1843-45 John W. Jones, Va. 1911 



John W. Davis, Ind. 
R. C. Winthrop, Mass. 
Howell Cobb, Ga. 
Linn Boyd, Ky, 
Nathaniel P. Bank, Mass. 
James L. Orr, S. C. 
Wm. Pennington, N. J. 
Galusha A. Grow, Pa. 
Schuyler A. 'Colfax, Ind. 
James G. Blaine, Me. 
Michael C. Kerr, Ind. 
Samuel J. Randall. Pa. 
Joseph W. Kiefer, 0. 
John G, Carlisle, Ky. 
Thomas B. Reed, Me. 
Charles F. Crisp, Ga. 
Thomas B. Reed, Me. 
David B. Henderson, la. 
Joseph G. Gannon, 111. 
Champ Clark, Mo. 



Chief Judges of the United States Supreme Court 



Y'ears. 
1789-95 John Ray, N. Y. 
1795 John Rutledge, S. C* 
1796-00 Oliver Ellsworth. Ct. 
1801-3.5 John Marshall, Va. 
1836-64 Roger B. Taney, Md. 



* Served less than one year. 



Years. 

1864-73 Salmon P. Chase, O. 

1874-88 Morrison R. Waite, 0. 

1888-10 Melville W. Fuller, 111. 

1910 Edward D. White, La.f 

t Now serving. 



47 



Associate Justices of the U 

Years. 
17S9-91 John Kutledge, S. C. 
1789-10 William Gushing, Mass. 
1789-98 James Wilson, Pa. 
1789-96 John Blair, Va. 
1789-90 Eobert H. Harrison, ]\Jd. 
1790-9'9 James Iredell, N. C. 
1791-93 Thomas Johnson, Md. 
1793-0-6 William Patterson, ^^^ j. 
1796-11 Samuel Chase, Md. 
1798-29 Bushrod Washington, Va. 
1799-04 Alfred ^loore, N. C. 
1804-34 William Johnson, S. C. 
1806-23 Brock Livingstou, :N\ Y. 
180'7-26 Thomas Todd, Ky. 
1811-45 Joseph Story, Mass. 
1811-36 Gabriel Duval, Md. 
1823-43 Smith Thompson, N. Y. 
1826-28 Robert Trimble, Ky. 
1829-61 John McLean. 0. 
1830-46 Henry Baldwin, Pa. 
1835-67 James M. Wayne. Ga. 
1836-41 Philip P. Barbour. Va. 
1837-65 .John Catron, Tenn. 
1837-52 John :\reTvinley. Ala. 
1S41-60 Peter V. Daniel, Va. 
1845-72 Samuel ^Telson, N. Y. 
1845-51 Levi Woodbury. ^. H. 
1846-70 Robert C. Grier, Pa. 
18.51-57 Benj. R. Curtis, Mass. 
1&53-61 John A. Campbell, Ala. 
18.58-81 T^athan Clifford, Me. 



nited States Supreme Court 

Years. 

1861-81 Xoah H. Swayne, 0. 
1862-90- Samuel F. Miller, la. 
1862-77 David Davis, 111. 
1863-97 (Stephen J. Field, Cah 
1870-80- William Strong, Pa. 
1870N92 Joseph P. Bradley, N. J. 
1872>-82 Ward Hunt, N. Y^ 
1877-11 John M. Harlan, Ky. 
1880-87 Wm. B. Woods, Ga.^ 
lS81-8'9 Stanley Matthews, O. 
1881-02 Horace Gray, Mass. 
1882-9 3 Samuel Blatchf ord, ^.Y. 
1888-93 Lucius Q. C. Lamar. Miss. 
188,9-10 David J. Brewer, Kan. 
189i0-06 Henry B. Brown, Mich. 
1892-03 George Shiras, Jr., Pa. 
1893-95 Howell E. Jackson, Tenn. 
1894-10 Edward D. White, La. 
1 895-0i9 Ruf us W. Peckham. 'N. Y. 
1898 Jos. McKenna, Cal. 

1902 Oliver W. Holmes, Mass. 

1903 Wm. R. Day, O. 
1906-10 Wm. H. Moody, Mass. 
1909^14 Horace H. Lurton, Tenn. 
1910-16 Chas. E. Hughes, 'N. Y. 
l'9a Willis Van.Devanter. Wy, 
1910 Joseph R. Lamar, Ga. 
1912 Mahlon Pitney. N. J. 
1914 J. C. McReynolds. Tenn. 
19*16 Louis D. Brandeis, Mass. 
1916 John H. Clarke, Ohio. 



48 



Members of the United States Supreme Court 

Edward D. White, La. Appointed 1910; born 1S45 ; salary 
$15,000 per annum. 

Associate Justices 

Joseph Melvenna, California, appointed 1895, born 1843. 

Oliver W. Holmes, Massaclinsetts, appointed 1902, born 1811. 

William R. Day, Oliio, appointed 1903, born 1819. 

W. Van Devanter, Wyoming, appointed' 1910, born 1859. 

Joseph R. Lamar, Georgia, appointed 1910, born 1857. 

Mahlon Pitney, New Jersey, appointed 1912, born 1858. 

Jas. C. MoReynolds, Tennesee, appointed 1911, born 1862. 

Lonis D. Brandeis, Massachusetts, appointed 1916. 

John H. Clarke, Ohio, appointed 1916. 

Salary $14,500 per annum. 

Thirteen Original States, and When They Ratified the 

Constitution 

1 Delaware December 7, 1787 

2. Pennsylvania December 12, 1787 

3 New Jersey December 18, 1787 

4 Georgia ^ January 2, 1788 

5 Connecticut . January 9, 1788 

6 Massachusetts February 6, 178'8 

7 Maryland April 28, 1788 

8 South Carolina :May 23, 1788 

9 Xew Hampshire June 21, 1788 

10 Virgina June 26, 1788 

1 1 Xew York July 26. 1788 

12 Xorth Carolina November 21. 1789 

13 Rhode Island Mav 29, 1790 



49 



The Following are the Order and Dates the States 
Were Admitted Into the Union. 

(From Statistical Abstract of the United States Department of 

Commerce.) 

1 Vermont February IS, 1791 

2 Xentucky February 4, 1Y91 

3 Tennessee - June 1, 1796 

4 Ohio February 19, 1803 

5 Louisiana April 8, 1812 

6 Indiana December 11, 1816 

7 Mississippi December 10, 1817 

8 Illinois December 3, 1818 

9 Alabama December 14, 1&19 

10 Maine March 3, 1820 

11 Missouri March 2, 1821 

12 Arkansas June 15, 1836 

13 Michigan January 26, 1&37 

14 Florida March 3, 1845 

15 Iowa March 3, 1845 

16 Texas December '29, 1845 

17 Wisconsin May 29. 1848 

18 California September 9, 18-50 

19 Minnesota May 11, 1858 

20 Oregon February 14, 1859 

21 Kansas January 29, 1861 

22 West Virginia June 19. 1863 

2i3 Nevada ^March 21, 1864 

24 Nebraska February 9. 1867 

25 Colorado March 3, 1875 

26 North Dakota February 22, 1889 

27 South Dakota February 22, 1&89 

28 Montana February 22, 1889 

29 Washington February 22, 18&9 

30 Idaho July 3, 1890 

31 Wyoming July 10, 18.90 

32 Utah July 16. 1894 

33 Oklahoma November 16, 1907 

34 New Mexico June 20, 1910 

35 Arizona June 20, 1910 

50 



Territories and Dates of Organization 

District of Columbia July 16, 1790 

Alaska July 27, 1868 

Hawaii xVpril 30, 1900 

State Flowers 

Alabama Golden Rod 

Arizona Ocotlllo 

Arkansas Apple Blossom 

California Golden Poppy 

Colorado Columbine 

Connecticut Mountain Laurel 

Delaware Peach Blossom 

Florida Orange Blossoms 

Georgia Cherokee Rose 

Idaho Syringa 

Illinois The Xative Violet 

Indiana (tarnation 

Iowa Wild Rose 

Kansas Sun Flower 

Kentucky Golden Rod 

Louisiana ^Nfagnolia 

Maine Pine Cone and Tassel 

]\rarvland Black Eyed Susan 

Michigan Apple Blossom 

Minnesota Moccasin 

Mississippi Magnolia 

^Montana Bitter Root 

ISTebraska Golden Rod 

Xew Jersey Golden Rod and Violet 

^ew Mexico Cactus 

Xew York Rose 

Xorth Dakota Wild Rose 

Ohio Scarlet Carnation 

Oklahoma Mistletoe 

Oregon Oregon Grape 

Pennsylvania Daisy and Violet 

Rhode Island Violet 

Sonth Dakota Anemone Patens 

51 



Tennessee Golden Eod 

Texas Blue Bonnet 

Utah Sego Lily 

Vermont Bed Clover 

Washington Rhododendron 

West Virginia Rhododendron 

Wisconsin Violet 

Wyoming Blue Fringed Gentian 

Massachusetts, Missouri, Xevada, New Hampshire, Korth 
Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia have not adopted a State 
Flower. 

Monroe Doctrine 

President James Monroe transmitted to Congress, December 2, 
1823, a message in which he expressed his views in the following 
language: "We ow^e it to candor and to the amicable relations 
existing between the United States and the allied powers, to de- 
clare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend 
their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our 
peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of 
any European power we have not interfered, and shall not inter- 
fere. But with the governmentsi which have declared, their inde- 
pendence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on 
great consideration and just principles, acknowledged, we could 
not view an interposition for oppressing them, or controlling in 
any other manner their destiny, by any European power, in any 
other light than as a manifestation of an unfriendly disposition 
toward the United States." 



52 



Declaration of Independence 

Ix CoxGKEss July 4, 1776 

The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of 
America. When in the Course of human events, it becomes neces- 
sary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have 
connected them with another, and to assume among the" powers of 
the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of 
ISTature and of ISTature's God entitles them, a decent respect to the 
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes 
which impel them to the separation. 

AYe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created 
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain un- 
alienable Rights, that among- these are Life, Liberty and the pur- 
suit of Happiness, That to secure these rights, Governments are 
instituted among Men, deriving tiheir just powers from the con- 
sent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government 
becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Eight of the People 
to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying 
its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in 
such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety 
and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments 
long established should not be changed for light and transient 
causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewm, that mankind 
are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to 
right themselves by abolishing tlie forms to which they are accus- 
tomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing 
invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under 
absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off 
such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future 
security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; 
and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their 
former Systems of government. The history of the present King 
of Great Britain is a liistory of repeated injuries and usurpations, 
all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny 
over these ,States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a 
candid world. 

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and 
necessary for the public good. 

53 



He has forbidden liis Governors to pass Laws of immediate 
and pressing importance, unless suspended in tlieir operation till 
his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has 
utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to p'ass other Laws for the accommodation of 
large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the 
right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to 
them and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, 
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public 
Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance 
with his measures. 

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for oppos- 
ing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause 
others to be elected ; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of 
Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exer- 
eise; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the 
dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; 
for that purpose obstructing the Laws for j^aturalization of 
Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations 
hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. 

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing 
his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. 

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the 
tenure of tlieir offices, and the amount and payment of their 
salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of Xew Offices, and sent hither 
swarms of Officers to harass our people, and eat out their 
substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace. Standing Armies 
without the Consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the Military independent of and 
superior to the Civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction 

64 



foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; 
giving his Assent to tlieir Acts of pretended Legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 

For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for 
any ^Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of 
these States: 

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : 

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by 
jury : 

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended 
oif ences : 

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbor- 
ing Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and 
enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an exiample 
and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into 
these Colonies : 

For taking away our iCharters, abolishing our most valuable 
Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : 

For suspending our o^vn Legislatures, and declaring themselves 
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his 
Protection and waging War against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our 
towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large Annies of foreign Mercen- 
aries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, 
already begun with circumstances of 'Cruelty & perfidy scarcely 
paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the 
Head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-Citizens taken Captive on the 
high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the 
executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves 
by their Hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has 
endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the 

55 



merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an 
"undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. 

In every stage of these .Oppressions We have Petitioned for 
Redress in the most hmnble terms : Our repeated Petitions have 
been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose char- 
acter is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, 
is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

N^or have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. 
We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their 
legislature to extend an iinwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We 
have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and 
.settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and 
magiianimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our 
(Common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would in- 
evitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too 
have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We 
p^nust, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our 
.Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, 
Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. 

We, Therefore, the Represea^tatives of the Uxited States 
OF America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the 
Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, 
do, in the ^ame, and by authority of the good People of these 
Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United 
Colonies are, and of Right ought to be free and independent 
States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British 
.Crown, and that all political connection between thein and the 
State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and 
that as FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES, they havc full Power to 
levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, 
and to do all other Acts and Things which independent States 
may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a 
firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, We mutually 
pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our Sacred 
Honor. 

56 



(The foregoing" declaration was. by order of Congress, en- 
grossed, and signed bj the following members) : 

JOHX HA^^COCK. 

jSTew Hampshire — Josiah Bartlett, Wm. ^Mlipple, Matthew 
Thornton. 

Massachusetts Baj — Sanil. Adams, John Adams, Robt. Treat 
Paine, Elbridige Gerry. 

Rhode Island, etc. — Step. Hopkins, William Ellery. 

Connecticut — Roger Sherman, Sam'el Huntington, Wm. 
Williams, Oliver Wolcott. 

jSTew York — Wm. Floj'^d, Phil. Livingston, Prans. Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 

]^ew Jersey — Richd. Stockton, Jno. Witherspoon, Fras. 
Hopkinson, John Hart, Abra. Clark. 

Pennsylvania — Robt. Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benja. Prank- 
lin, John Morton. Geo. Clymer, Jas. Smith, Geo. Taylor, James 
Wilson, Geo. Ross. 

Delaware — Caesar Rodney, Geo. Read, Theo. M'Kean. 

Maryland — Samuel Chase, Wm. Paca, Thos. Stone, Charles 
Carroll of Carrollton. 

Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Th. Jeiferson, 
Benja. Harrison, Thos. jSTelson, jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter 
Braxton. 

ISTorth Carolina — Wm. Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 

South Carolina — Edward Rutledge, Thos. Heyward, junr., 
Thomas Lynch, junr., Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia — Button Gwinnett, Lvman Hall, Geo. Walton. 



57 



Washington's Farewell Address 

ExTEACTS Fkom His Address Counselling the Maintenance 

OF THE Union. — Confinement of the General 

Government to its 'CbNSTiTUTioNAL Limita' 

tions^ and Avoidance of Relations With 

Foreign Political Affairs. 

To the People of the United States on His App7'oaching 
Retirement from the Presidency. 

Here, perhaps, I ought to stop; but a solicitude for your welfare;, 
which cannot end but with mj life, and the apprehension of danger 
natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the present, 
to offer to jour solemn contemplation, and to recommend to your 
frequent review, some sentiments, which are the result of much 
reflection, of no inconsid'erable observation, and which appear to 
me all-important to the permanency of your felicity as a people. 
These will be afforded to you' with the more freedom, as you can 
only see in them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, 
who can possibly have no personal motive to bias his counsel ; nor 
can I forget, as an encouragement to it, your indulgent reception 
of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar occasion. 

Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your 
hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or con- 
firm the attachment. 

Preservation of the Union 

The imity of government, which constitutes you one people, is 
also now dear to you. It is justly so ; for it is a main pillar in the 
edifice of your real independence — the support fo your tranquillity 
at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of 
that very liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to 
foresee that, from different causes and from difFerent quarters, 
much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in 
your minds the conviction of this truth ; as this is the point in your 
political fortress against which the batteries of internal and ex- 
ternal enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often 
covertly and insidiously) directed — it is of infinite moment that 
you should properly estimate the immense value of your national 
union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should 

58 



cherish a cordial, hahitual and immovable attachment to it ; accus- 
toming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of 
your political safety and prosperity ; watching for its preservation 
with jealous anxiety; dlisoountenancing whatever may suggest even 
a suspicion that it can, in any event, be abandoned ; and indig- 
nantly frowningi upou the first dawning of every attempt to 
alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble 
the sacred ties which now link together the various parts. 

For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. 
Citizens by birth or choice of a common country, that country has 
a right to concentrate your affections. 'The name of- America, 
which belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt 
the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived 
from local discriminations. With slight shades of difference, you 
have the same religion, manners, habits, and political principles. 
You have, in a common cause, fought and triumphed together ; the 
independence and liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels 
and joint efforts, of common dangers, sufferings, and successes. 

Encroachments by the Gtoveenment 

It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free 
country, should inspire caution, in those intrusted, with its admin- 
istration, to confine themselves within their respective constitu- 
tional spheres, avoiding,, in the exercise of the powers of one 
department, to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment 
tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one, and 
thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. 
A just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse it 
which predominates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us 
of the truth of this position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in 
the exercise of political power, by dividing and distributing it into 
different depositories, and constituting each the guardian of the 
public weal, against invasions by the others, has been evinced by 
experiments, ancient and! modern; some of them in our own 
country, and under onr own eyes. To preserve them must be as 
necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion of the people, 
the distribution or modification of the constitutional powers be, in 
any particular, wrong, let it be corrected) by an amendment in the 
way which the Constitution designates. But let there be no change 

59 



or usurpation ; for though this, in one instance, may be, the instru- 
ment of good, it is the customary weapon by which free govern- 
ments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly 
overbalance, in permanent evil, and partial or transient benefit 
which the use can, at any time, yield. 

Observe good faitL and justice toward all nations ; cultivate 
peace and harmony withi all; religion and morality enjoin this 
conduct; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it ? 
It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, 
a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel 
example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and 
benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the course of times and 
things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary 
advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it ? Can 
it be that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a 
nation with its virtue ? The experiment, at least, is recommended 
by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas ! is it 
rendered impossible by its vices ? 

Entanglements With Foreign Powers 

Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you 
to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought 
to constantly awake; since history and experience prove that 
foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican 
government. But that jealousy to be useful, must be impartial; 
else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, 
instead of a defense against it. Excessive partiality for one 
foreign nation, and excessive! dislike for another, cause those 
whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and serve to 
veil, and even second, the arts of influence on the other. Peal 
patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to 
become suspected and odious, while its tools and dupes usurp the 
applause and confidence of the people, to surrender their interests. 

The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, 
in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little 
political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed 
engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here 
let us stop, 

60 



Europe has a set of primary interests, whicli to us have none, 
or a very remote relation. Hence she must he engaged in frequent 
controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our 
concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate 
ourselves, by 'artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her 
politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friend- 
ships or enmities. 

Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to 
pursue a diiferent course. If we remain one people under an 
efficient government, the period is not far off when we may defy 
material injury from external annoyance; when we may take such 
an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve 
upon, to be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, 
under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not 
lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when we may choose 
peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel. 

Paeting Oouksels 

In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and 
affectionate friend, I dare not hope that they will make the strong 
and lasting impression I could wish; that they will control the 
usual current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running 
the course which hitherto has marked the destiny of nations ; but 
if I mRj even flatter myself, that they may be productive of some 
partial benefit, some occasional good ; that they may now and then 
recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against the 
mischiefs of foreign intrigues, to guard against the impostures of 
pretended partiotism; this hope will be full recompense for the 
solicitude for your welfare by which they have been dictated. 

United States, September 17, 1Y96. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 



61 



Lincoln's Gettysburg Speech 

{Address at the Dedication of Gettysburg Cemetery, 
November 19, 1863.) 

Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon 
this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to 
the proposition that all men are created equal. 

'Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that 
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long- 
endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We are 
met to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting-place of those 
wbo here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is 
altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. 

But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, 
we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, 
who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add 
or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we 
say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us 
the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work that 
they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be 
here dedicated to the great task remaining before us; that from 
these honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for 
which they here gave the last full measures -of devotion ; that we 
here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died in vain ; that 
the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that 
government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall 
not perish from the earth. 



62 



The Flag of Our Country 

In 1777 a committee consisting- of General George Washington, 
Robert Morris and Colonel Ross were appointed to designate a 
National Flag. After a conference with Mistress Betsy Ross, 
they made their report to Congress. On June 14, 1777, Congress 
adopted the following resolution: "Resolved, tkat the flag of 
the thirteen states be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, 
that the Union be thirteen white stars in a blue field, representing 
a new constellation, the stars to be arranged in a circle." The 
adopted flag was first used in military service at Fort Stanwix, 
now Rome, X. Y., and in a skirmish at Cooch's Bridge, near 
Wilmington, Delaware, received its baptism of fire September 
3, 1777. 

What is supposed to be its first recognition by a foreign power 
was on February 14, 17'78, when a French commander saluted 
the '■ Ranger " of Captain John Paul Jones' fleet. Captain Jones 
received his appointment as Commander of the " Ranger " on the 
14th of June, 1777, the day that Congress adopted the flag — 
he said, "• That flag and I are twins. We cannot be parted in life 
or in death. So long as we can float, we shall float together ; if 
we must sink, we will go down as one." 

In 17'95, two stars and two stripes were added commemorative 
of the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the Union. 

In 1816, the States of Tennessee, Ohio and Louisiana and 
Indiana were taken into the Union, when a committee appointed 
to give them, a place on the flag, realized that there must be a 
limit to the stripes, made a recomimendation which was adopted 
April 4, 1818, that the flag be permanently thirteen stripes, rep- 
resenting the original thirteen States, and a new star be added 
for each State admitted. 

On the 4th of July, succeeding the admission of a State to the 
Union, a star is added to tlie field. 

Dtiring the Revolutionary W^ar, the flag had thirteen stars ; at 
the time of the Mexican War, two stars had been added, and dur- 
ing the Civil War there were thirty-five stars. The stars had 
increased in number to fort;>'^five at the time of the Spanish- 
American War, and to-day we have in the constellation forty- 
eight, arranged in six rows of eight each. 

63 



Our colors are very often called " Old Glory." It was so 
named by Captain Steplien Driver of iSalem, 'Massacliiisetts, who 
in 1S31 was presented with an American flag, and as it was 
raised aloft, lie called it " Old Glory," and wlien lie retired from 
seafaring, lie brouglit it witli liini to Xasliville, Tennessee, where 
he died in 1S'S6. 

National Flags 

The official flag of th& United' States bears fortv-eight white 
stars in a blue field, arranged in six rows of eight stars each. T^ie 
garrison flag of the Army is made of bunting, thirty-six feet fly 
and twenty feet hoist, thirteen stripes, and in the upper quarter, 
next the staft", is the field of stars, equal to the number of States, 
on blue field, over one-third length of the flag, extending to the 
lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top. The storm flag 
is twenty feet by ten feet, and the recruiting flag nine feet nine 
inches by four feet four inches. The '" American Jack " is the 
" imion" or blue field of the flag. The Eevenue Marine Service 
flag, authorized by act of Congress, March 2, 1799, was originally 
prescribed to " consist of sixteen perpendicular stripes, alternate 
red and white, the union of the ensign bearing the arms of the 
United States in dark blue on a white field." The sixteen stripes 
represented the number of States which had been admitted to the 
Union at that time, and no change has been made since. 

June 14th is celebrated as Flag Day, it being the anniversary 
of the adoption of the flag. 

The flrst United States flag was raised in battle August 3, 1777. 
ITews of its adoption was received at Port Staiiwix (now the city 
of Rome, IST. Y.) ; it was an improvised one, made from the blue 
camlet cloak of Colonel Swartwout, of Poughkeepsie, X. Y., and 
a red petticoat of an officer's wife, the white stars and stripes from 
ammunition bas's. 



64 



First Paper Money in America, Which Led to the 
Founding of the American Banking System 

Tiie American colonists prior to the reign of William and Mary 
were prohibited from coining money. In 1690^ the colonists of 
New England and New York sent an expedition against Canada 
which was successful. On the return of the troops from Bos- 
ton there was no money with which to pay them. 'The soldiers 
clamored for payment and were on the verge of mutiny when it 
was resolved to resort to paper money and a committee was 
empowered to issue £7,000 in bills from five shillings to five 
pounds. This was paper money introduced by Massachusetts in 
1690. Carolina followed in 1702, in consequence of an ill-advised 
expedition to St. Augustine, Florida, which entailed a debt of 
£6,000. In 170^9, New York and Connecticut first issued bills of 
credit and other Colonies followed in due course, Georgia being 
the last. Paper money, which had been first authorized to meet 
the necessities of Colonial treasuries to wage war, soon became 
generally established in relieving commercial and financial em- 
barrassment and continued in use until after the close of the 
Revolutionary War, and in fact, until the establishment of the 
United States Mint at Philadelphia in 1792-3. 

Wars in America 



War of fhe Revolution 

NortTiwestern Indian "Wars 

War with France 

W"ar with Tripoli 

Creek Indian War 

War of 1S12 with Great Britain... 

Seminole Indian War 

Black Hawk Indian War 

Creek Indian War or disturbance, 

Florida Indian War 

War with Mexico 

Seminole Indian War 

Civil W^ar 

Spanish-American War 

Philippine Insurrection 

Cherokee trouble 

Aroostook trouble 

Apache, Navajo and Utah 



April 

September 

July 

June 

July 

June 

November 

April 

May 

December 

April 

1856 
1861 

April 

1899 
1836 
1836 
1849 



19, 1775 

19, 1790 
9, 1798 

10, 1801 

27, 1813 

IS, 1812 

20, 1817 

21, 1831 
5, 1836 

23, 1835 

24, 1846 



21, 1898 



April 

August 

September 

June 

August 

February 

October 

September 

September 

August 

July 

1858 
1865 

August 

190O 
1837 
1839 
1853 



11, 1783 

3, 1795 

30, 1800 

4, 1805 
9, 1814 

17, 1815 

21, 1818 

31, 1832 
30, 1837 
14, 1843 

4, 1848 



12, 1898 



War Dates 

French and Indian 



1754— May 28 Great Meadows, Pa. 

1755— July 9 Braddock's Field. 

1755 — September 8... Lake George. 
1756— August 11 Oswego, N. Y. 



1757— July 6 Fort William Henry 

1758— July 6 Ticonderoga. 

1857— August 27 Fort Frontenac. 

1758— November 25. .Fort Du Quesne. 



Revolutionary 



1775 — April 19 Lexington and Con- 
cord. 

1775— 'May 10 Ticonderoga. 

1775— June 17 Bunker Hill. 

1775 — December 31. ..Quebec. 

177&— June 28 Fort Moultrie. 

1776— August 27 Long Island. 

1776— October 28 White Plains. 

1776— November 16.. Fort Washington, 
N. Y. 

1776— December 26... Trenton. 

1777— January 3 Princeton. 

1777— August 6 Oriskany. 

1777— August 16 Bennington. 

1777— September 11. .Brandy wine. 

1777— September 19. .Bemis Heights. 

1777— October 4 Germantown. 

1777— October 7 Saratoga. 



1777— October 17 Burgoj-ne's surren- 
der. 

1778— June 28 Monmouth. 

1778— July 3 Wyoming massacre. 

1778— August 29 Rhode Island. 

1778— December 29.. .Savannah. 

1779— July 15 Stony Point, N. Y. 

1779— October 8 Savannah. 

1780— May 12 Charleston captured 

1780— May 29 Waxha w. 

1780— June 23 Springfield. N. J. 

1780— August 16 Camden, S. C. 

1780— October 7 King's Mountain. 

1781— January 17 Cowpens. 

1781^March 15 Guilford Ct. House. 

1781— September 8...Eutaw Springs. 
17S1 — October 17 Yorktown. 



1812 



1812— August 16 Detroit (surren- 
dered). 

1812— October 13 Queenstown. 

18il3— April 27 York (Toronto). 

1813— Mav 9 Fort Meigs. 

1813— October 5 The Thames. 

1813 — November ]1. .Chrystler's Field. 
1814— July 5 Chippewa. 



1814 — July 25 Lundy's Lane. 

1814— August 15 Fort Erie. 

1814- August 24 Bladensburg, Md. 

1814— September ll..Plattsburg, N. Y. 
1814— September 13.. Fort McHenry, Md. 

1814^0ctober 19 Lyon's Creek. 

1815— January 8 New Orleans. 



Principal Battles of the Civil War 



First Bull Run, Va.July 21, 1861 
Fort Donnelson, 

Tenn February 16, 1862 

Shiloh, Tenn April 6, 1862 

Seven Days, Va....June 25, 1862 
Second Bull Run, 

Va August 28, 1862 

Antietam, Va September 12. 1862 

Fredericksburg, Va. December 11, 1862 



Stone River, Tenn.. December 31, 1862 

Chancellorsville ...Mav 1, 1863 

Gettysburg, Pa July 1,1863 

Chickamauga September 19,1863 

Wilderness Mlav 5,1864 

Spottsvlvania May 8,1864 

Cold HarlDOr June 1, 1864 

Petersburg June 15, 1864 



Gettysbiirgh the greatest, Antietam the fiercest. 
Lee's surrender to Grant, Aipril 9, 186i5. 
Fort Sumter fired on April 12, 1861. 



Approximate Number of Soldiers Engaged in 
American Wars 

According to F. L. Huiilekoper, " The Military Unprepared- 
iicss of the United States" (Macmillan, 1915), the comparative 
figures of forces in the various wars of the United States are as 
follows : 

War of 1812 -—United States, 56,032 regulars; 471,622 
militia. Total, 527,65-1. England, 67.000. 

Creek War — ^ United States, 600 regulars; l:o,*J21 militia. 
Total, 1:1:,521. Indians, 2,000. 

Seminole War — United States, 1,000 regulars; 5,911 militia. 
Total, 6,911. Indians, 1,000. 

Black Hawk War — United States, 1,341 regulars; 4,638 
militia. Total, 5,970. Indians, 800-1,000. 

Florida War — United States, 12,539 regulars; 48.152 militia. 
Total, 60,691. Indians, 1,200-2,000. 

Mexican War — United States, 31,024 regulars; 73.532 
militia. Total, 104.55'6. Mexico, 46,000. 

Civil War — United S'tates, 67,000 regulars; 2,606,341 
militia. Total, 2,673,341. Confederate States, 1,000,000. 

Spanish War — United States, 58,688 regulars; 223,235 
militia. Total, 281,923. Spain, 228,160. Ratio in favor of 
United States, fl^ — U 



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